chapter 7 Flashcards
what is new racism?
it suggests that expressions of racism today are masked behind socially acceptable ideologies and language.
hate crimes
are defined in the criminal code as crimes committed to intimidate, harm, or terrify not only a person, but an entire group of people to which the victim belongs.
hate crimes also incite hatred against a group of people based on their race, religion, colour, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.
ellis monk
A sociologist at Harvard who studies within group stratification.
His research defines skin tone stratification in relation to policing, incomes, etc.
The presence of skin tone as a determining factor
Skin tone is the definitional stratifier.
The monk skin tone scale.
Public Safety Canada’s Public Report on Terrorism as a Threat
It is the evolution from hate to serious acts of politically motivated violence with the intention of intimidating the public, or a segment of the public, in regard to its sense of security, that could be considered a terrorism offence.
right wing extremism
traditionally driven by hatred and fear. often in online communities. wide range of issues including but not limited to anti-government and anti-law enforcement sentiment, white nationalism and racial separation, anti-semitism and islamophobia, anti-imigration, homophobia, male supremacy.
what did Bailey (2016) found in a victimization-type study, and what are the critiques of studies like this?
found that indigenous students experienced a number of forms of micro aggressions.
first, individuals may have experienced discrimination, but may not define it as such. Also, Institutional authorities sometimes dismiss the results of victimisation surveys on the grounds that visible minorities are not objective, have “chips on their shoulders,” and are too eager to identify racism as a problem in Canadian society.
what is Peter Li’s critique of survey research (social distance surveys) on anti-immigrant attitudes and racism?
argues that this kind of research unwittingly lends legitimacy to racist ways of thinking. By asking Canadians to rank groups in terms of “comfort level” and “social distance” or by asking people to express preferences for “immigrants” in general as opposed to “visible minority” immigrants, this research invites individuals to think about and problematize “race.”
explain three forms of institutional racism
First, racist ideas and assumptions about the social capacities and incapacities of groups of people can explicitly inform the development of social policies, programs, or institutional practices
The second form of institutional racism occurs when ideas about the racial inferiority of groups of people inform the initial development of specific policies or programs but no longer sustain those policies and programs. In other words, certain policies and programs are racist in origin, and even though racism may no longer sustain them, the policies and practices continue to exist. (indian act)
The third form of institutional racism appears in certain policies or programs that may seem ethnically or racially neutral, but either intentionally or unintentionally put minority group members at a disadvantage.
what are the two most frequent accusations when it comes to policing and racial profiling?
the police under-police minority communities when their members are the victims of crime and that they simultaneously over-police those communities when their members are suspected as the perpetrators of crime
what it underpolicing?
the claim that the police do not protect minorities adequately when they are victims of crime.
inductive criminal profiling
generalizations about an individual criminal based on initial behavioural and demographic characteristics of other offenders who have been studied in the past.
what is over policing?
the claim that the police act overzealously when members of minority groups are crime suspects.
refers to situations in which police resources and energies are targeted against groups based on the stereotype that they are over-involved in criminal behaviour.
deductive criminal profiling
the process of interpreting criminal evidence and other information in order to deduce the social characteristics of the offender.
- refers to the processes of interpreting evidence such as crime-scene photographs, autopsy reports, and other information to deduce specific offender characteristics
what are two instances of new racism?
islamaphobia and anti-semitism
Islamaphobia
- Islam is seen as a single monolithic bloc, static and unresponsive to new realities.
- Islam is seen as separate and other: (a) not having any aims or values in common with other cultures; (b) not affected by them; (c) not influencing them.
- Islam is seen as violent, aggressive, threatening, supportive of terrorism, engaged in a “clash of civilizations.”
- Islam is seen as a political ideology, used for political or military advantage.
- Criticisms made by Islam of “the West” are rejected out of hand.
- Hostility toward Islam is used to justify discriminatory practices toward Muslims and exclusion of Muslims from mainstream society.
- Anti-Muslim hostility is accepted as natural and “normal”
