Chapter 7

Question 1

What is included in the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

Skull - cranium (8 - what are the 6 types?), face (14 - what are the 8 types?)
Associated Bones - auditory ossicles (6), hyoid (1)
Thoracic Cage - sternum (1), ribs (24)
Vertebral Column - vertebrae (24), sacrum (1), coccyx (1)

Question 2

What are the 8 types of face bones and how many are there?

Answer 2

Maxillae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones 2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)

Question 3

What are the 6 types of cranial bones and how many are there?

Answer 3

Occipital bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bones (1)
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)

Question 4

What are the sutures of the skull?

Answer 4

Coronal Suture (between the frontal and parietal lobe)
Sagittal Suture (dividing both parietal bones)
Lambdoid Suture (running horizontally between the occipital and parietal bones)
Squamous Suture (dividing the temporal bone and parietal bone)

Question 5

What is a fossa?

Answer 5

A depression

Question 6

What makes up the cranial base?

Answer 6

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

Question 7

What are the processes in the skull?

Answer 7

1. Mastoid Process
   Location: Located on the temporal bone, just behind the ear.
   Function: Serves as a point of attachment for neck muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
   Description: This is a large, rounded projection that can be felt behind the ear.
2. Styloid Process
   Location: Also part of the temporal bone, just below the ear.
   Function: Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments of the neck and tongue.
   Description: A long, slender, pointed projection.
3. Zygomatic Process
   Location: Found on the temporal bone, it extends towards the cheekbone.
   Function: Connects with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch, which is important for the structure of the face and serves as an attachment site for muscles involved in chewing.
   Description: It extends laterally from the temporal bone toward the zygomatic bone.
4. Coronoid Process
   Location: Part of the mandible (lower jaw).
   Function: Serves as the attachment point for the temporalis muscle, which is involved in closing the jaw.
   Description: A flat, triangular projection near the top of the mandible.
5. Condylar Process
   Location: Found on the mandible.
   Function: Forms the TMJ (temporomandibular joint), where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone. It plays a role in movement of the jaw.
   Description: A rounded, knob-like projection.
6. Spinous Process
   Location: Found in the cervical vertebrae at the base of the skull, as part of the spinal column.
   Function: Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments that support the head and neck.
   Description: These are the prominent bony projections that can be felt along the back of the neck.
7. Frontal Process
   Location: Part of the maxilla (upper jaw), extending upward toward the frontal bone.
   Function: Helps form the structure of the nasal cavity and provides a point of attachment for muscles involved in facial expression.
   Description: A projection from the maxilla that connects to the frontal bone.
8. Alveolar Process
   Location: Found in both the maxilla and mandible.
   Function: Contains the sockets for the teeth (dental alveoli).
   Description: The ridge-like structure that houses the teeth.
9. Occipital Condyles
   Location: On the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
   Function: Articulate with the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) to allow head movement (flexion and extension).
   Description: Rounded, oval projections on either side of the foramen magnum.
10. External Occipital Protuberance
    Location: On the occipital bone.
    Function: A point of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae, which helps support the head.
    Description: A prominent bump located at the back of the skull.

Question 8

What bone does not have a joint with another bone?

Answer 8

Hyoid

Question 9

What is the hyoid?

Answer 9

U shaped bone that supports your tongue and helps you speak and swallow

Question 10

What is the anterior fontanelle?

Answer 10

The soft spot and associated sutures in the skull of an infant

allows for the head of babies to develop into adult size

“soft spot”, moves slightly downwards to assist in childbirth

Question 11

What are the types of fontanelle?

Answer 11

Anterior fontanelle (top of head)
Posterior fontanelle (back of the head)
Occipital fontanelle (between occipital and two parietal bones)
Sphenoid fontanelle (at the junction of the frontal, parietal temporal, and sphenoid bones)
Mastoid fontanelle (at the junction of the occipital, parietal, and temporal bones)

Question 12

What makes up the vertebral column?

Answer 12

26 bones; 24 vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum

Cervical region (C1-C7)
Thoracic region (T1-T12)
Lumbar region (L1-L5)
Sacrum (5 fused bones)
Coccyx (4 fused bones)

Question 13

What region of the spine is the largest and why?

Answer 13

Lumbar region; carries the most weight

Question 14

What region of the spine articulates with ribs? (forms joints)

Answer 14

Thoracic region

Question 15

Vertebrae articulate with one another on their superior and inferior surfaces with a unique cartilage joint called _______?

Answer 15

Intervertebral discs

Question 16

What is the curvature of each region of the spine?

Answer 16

Cervical (concave)
Thoracic (convex)
Lumbar (concave)
Sacrum (convex)

Question 17

Label the processes of the vertebrae

Answer 17

Transverse process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Spinous process

Question 18

What are the first two cervical vertebrae?

Answer 18

Atlas and axis

Question 19

What is the atlas (C1 vertebra) specialized to do?

Answer 19

Articulate superiorly with occipital condyles of the skull and permit nodding of the head

Question 20

What is the axis (C2 vertebra) specialized to do?

Answer 20

Acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

Question 21

Distinguish each vertebral region

Answer 21

Cervical - smiley face small bone
Thoracic - giraffe looking
Lumbar - biggest, moose

Question 22

What is a herniated/slipped disc?

Answer 22

Occurs when the disc bulges abnormally or breaks apart as a result of injury, normal wear and tear, or disease

causes pain, numbness, weakness if presses on nerve roots

called sciatica if in the lower back; causes pain down the buttock and leg :3

treatment: rest, ice, and then light exercise

Question 23

What are the life cycle issues of the vertebrae?

Answer 23

As we age, intervertebral discs tend to lose water and become thinner, and less elastic. This can cause the secondary curves (lumbar and cervical) to diminish, leading to postural abnormalities such as kyphosis (increased thoracic curvature)

Question 24

How many curves does the vertebral column have?

Answer 24

4; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 25

What is the primary curves?

Answer 25

Thoracic and sacral curves; present at birth

Question 26

What are the secondary curves?

Answer 26

Lumbar and cervical curves; develop within the first few years of life

development is achieved by changes in the intervertebral discs rather than through changes in the vertebrae

Question 27

Where do changes occur in secondary curves?

Answer 27

Intervertebral discs

Question 28

What factors might worsen the effects of aging on intervertebral discs?

Answer 28

Osteoporosis

Question 29

What is lordosis?

Answer 29

An exaggerated lumbar curvature

temporary lordosis is associated with a large “front load)

Question 30

Identify: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

Answer 30

Scoliosis: curved to the side
Kyphosis: neck forward, protruding
Lordosis: )