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BIOL131 - Axial Skeleton > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull - cranium (8 - what are the 6 types?), face (14 - what are the 8 types?)
Associated Bones - auditory ossicles (6), hyoid (1)
Thoracic Cage - sternum (1), ribs (24)
Vertebral Column - vertebrae (24), sacrum (1), coccyx (1)

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2
Q

What are the 8 types of face bones and how many are there?

A

Maxillae (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones 2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)

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3
Q

What are the 6 types of cranial bones and how many are there?

A

Occipital bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Frontal bones (1)
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)

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4
Q

What are the sutures of the skull?

A

Coronal Suture (between the frontal and parietal lobe)
Sagittal Suture (dividing both parietal bones)
Lambdoid Suture (running horizontally between the occipital and parietal bones)
Squamous Suture (dividing the temporal bone and parietal bone)

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5
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A depression

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6
Q

What makes up the cranial base?

A

Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa

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7
Q

What are the processes in the skull?

A
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8
Q

What bone does not have a joint with another bone?

A

Hyoid

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9
Q

What is the hyoid?

A

U shaped bone that supports your tongue and helps you speak and swallow

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10
Q

What is the anterior fontanelle?

A

The soft spot and associated sutures in the skull of an infant

allows for the head of babies to develop into adult size

“soft spot”, moves slightly downwards to assist in childbirth

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11
Q

What are the types of fontanelle?

A

Anterior fontanelle (top of head)
Posterior fontanelle (back of the head)
Occipital fontanelle (between occipital and two parietal bones)
Sphenoid fontanelle (at the junction of the frontal, parietal temporal, and sphenoid bones)
Mastoid fontanelle (at the junction of the occipital, parietal, and temporal bones)

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12
Q

What makes up the vertebral column?

A

26 bones; 24 vertebrae, coccyx, sacrum

Cervical region (C1-C7)
Thoracic region (T1-T12)
Lumbar region (L1-L5)
Sacrum (5 fused bones)
Coccyx (4 fused bones)

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13
Q

What region of the spine is the largest and why?

A

Lumbar region; carries the most weight

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14
Q

What region of the spine articulates with ribs? (forms joints)

A

Thoracic region

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15
Q

Vertebrae articulate with one another on their superior and inferior surfaces with a unique cartilage joint called _______?

A

Intervertebral discs

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16
Q

What is the curvature of each region of the spine?

A

Cervical (concave)
Thoracic (convex)
Lumbar (concave)
Sacrum (convex)

17
Q

Label the processes of the vertebrae

A

Transverse process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Spinous process

18
Q

What are the first two cervical vertebrae?

A

Atlas and axis

19
Q

What is the atlas (C1 vertebra) specialized to do?

A

Articulate superiorly with occipital condyles of the skull and permit nodding of the head

20
Q

What is the axis (C2 vertebra) specialized to do?

A

Acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

21
Q

Distinguish each vertebral region

A

Cervical - smiley face small bone
Thoracic - giraffe looking
Lumbar - biggest, moose

22
Q

What is a herniated/slipped disc?

A

Occurs when the disc bulges abnormally or breaks apart as a result of injury, normal wear and tear, or disease

causes pain, numbness, weakness if presses on nerve roots

called sciatica if in the lower back; causes pain down the buttock and leg :3

treatment: rest, ice, and then light exercise

23
Q

What are the life cycle issues of the vertebrae?

A

As we age, intervertebral discs tend to lose water and become thinner, and less elastic. This can cause the secondary curves (lumbar and cervical) to diminish, leading to postural abnormalities such as kyphosis (increased thoracic curvature)

24
Q

How many curves does the vertebral column have?

A

4; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

25
Q

What is the primary curves?

A

Thoracic and sacral curves; present at birth

26
Q

What are the secondary curves?

A

Lumbar and cervical curves; develop within the first few years of life

development is achieved by changes in the intervertebral discs rather than through changes in the vertebrae

27
Q

Where do changes occur in secondary curves?

A

Intervertebral discs

28
Q

What factors might worsen the effects of aging on intervertebral discs?

A

Osteoporosis

29
Q

What is lordosis?

A

An exaggerated lumbar curvature

temporary lordosis is associated with a large “front load)

30
Q

Identify: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

A

Scoliosis: curved to the side
Kyphosis: neck forward, protruding
Lordosis: )

BIOL131 - Axial Skeleton (2 decks)

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