chapter 7

Question 1

what is Pinker’s main idea

Answer 1

cognitive aspect of language: universal grammar

Question 2

main beliefs of cognitive theories

Answer 2

1. current learning is based on previous learning
2. information processing
3. meaning depends on relationships and concepts

Question 3

enactive representation

Answer 3

muscle memory and automation of movements

Question 4

iconic representation

Answer 4

knowledge represented through sensory signals (auditory and visual)

Question 5

symbolic representation

Answer 5

information can be categorized and manipulated (language)

Question 6

innate knowledge (Noah Chomsky)

Answer 6

humans’ brains innately and readily learn language

Question 7

bruner’s theory of representation involves what

Answer 7

categorization

Question 8

coding systems

Answer 8

hierarchal arrangements of related categories

Question 9

transfer

Answer 9

moving around and accessing information through the coding system

Question 10

two modes of abstraction

Answer 10

prototype and exemplar

Question 11

spiral curriculum

Answer 11

discovery oriented and learner-centered learning; going from simple to complicated

Question 12

piaget’s learning theory

Answer 12

learning goes with stages of maturation of brain, social interaction is crucial

Question 13

vygotsky’s constructivism

Answer 13

emphasis on external factors such as culture and social interactions

Question 14

critiques of vygotsky’s theories

Answer 14

not highly scientific; description of stages in language development is not very accurate

Question 15

zone of proximal development and scaffolding

Answer 15

know what it is