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Compounding Midterm II > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

ointments are ______ dosage forms

A

semi solid

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2
Q

the most commonly used semi solid dosage forms are

A

ointments, creams, pastes, gels, jellies and suppositories

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3
Q

semi solid preparations are intended for ______ application like the __________

A

external, skin

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4
Q

preparations that do not contain therapeutic agents are used for their _______ effects such as ________

A

physical
protectants, emollients, lubricants

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5
Q

what are the uses of semi solid dosage forms?

A

to protect the skin/mucous membrane from chemical/physical irritants in the environment and to permit rejuvenation of the tissue

to provide hydration of the skin

to provide an emollient effect

to provide a vehicle for applying a medication either for local or systemic effect

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6
Q

what is an example of a semi solid dosage form that provides a vehicle for local effect?

A

application of a topical antibiotic

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7
Q

what is an example of a semi solid dosage form that provides a vehicle for systemic effect?

A

application of nitroglycerin ointment for treating angina

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8
Q

what factors need to be considered when compounding semi solid preparations?

A

choosing the proper base for the preparation

calculating quantities needed

choosing proper equipment needed

incorporating solids into preparation base

using proper technique to incorporate liquids

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9
Q

What are the 6 factors that determine the type of base that must be selected to prepare an ointment?

A
  1. desirability of percutaneous absorption of drug
  2. the action or effect of product desired
  3. base as vehicle for a medicinal substance
  4. patient factors
  5. the area of application
  6. specified ointment base
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10
Q

What factors should be considered if the ointment base is being used as a vehicle for a medicinal substance?

A
  1. desired drug release and bioavailability of the incorporated medication
  2. short term as well as long term stability of the medication in the ointment base
  3. compatibility of the medication with the ointment base
  4. effect of drug on the consistency of the ointment base
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11
Q

a specific ointment base can be used due to ______ or ____________ to substitute the prescribed base with a more desirable base

A

compatibility or stability reasons

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12
Q

T or F: before substituting a base, the prescriber does not need to be consulted

A

False. They do.

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13
Q

What are the desirable properties of an ointment base?

A

meets USP standards for microbial content

stable chemically/physically

nontoxic, non sensitizing, nonirritating, nonreactive

compatible with a wide variety of drugs and auxiliary agents

easy to apply to affected area, and remain in contact with the site of application until desired, and then be able to be easily removed

maintain its desired consistency after the drug has been incorporated into the base

free from objectionable odor, aesthetically appealing and non greasy

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14
Q

the absence of certain microbes such as _____ and ______ because of their capacity to infect skin which is already probably compromised

A

stap aureus
pseudomonas aeruginosa

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15
Q

what are the four general classes of ointment bases?

A

hydrocarbon
absorption
water removable
water soluble

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16
Q

what is another name for hydrocarbon bases?

A

oleaginous bases

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17
Q

what are the two types of absorption bases?

A

anhydrous - containing not more than 0.25% water / absorb water/ form W/O emulsions

W/O emulsions to begin with and capable of accepting small amounts of water without losing physical characteristic

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18
Q

Whats another name for water removable bases?

A

oil in water emulsions

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19
Q

what are some characteristics of hydrocarbon bases?

A

insoluble in water
do not contain water
will not absorb water
not water washable
greasy
emollient and occlusive

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20
Q

what are some examples of hydrocarbon bases?

A

plastibase
vaseline
white ointment
white petrolatum
yellow ointment
yellow petrolatum

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21
Q

what are some characteristics of absorption bases (anhydrous) ?

A

insoluble in water
can absorb water
not water washable
greasy
emollient and occlusive

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22
Q

what is the difference between hydrocarbon bases and absorption bases?

A

hydrocarbon bases cannot absorb water and absorption bases (anhydrous) can

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23
Q

what are some examples of absorption bases (anhydrous)?

A

aquabase
aquaphor
hydrophilic petrolatum
lanolin
polysorb

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24
Q

what are some characteristics of absorption bases (w/o emulsions)?

A

insoluble in water
not water washable
contain water
can absorb small amount of water
greasy
emollient and occlusive

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25
Q

what are some examples of absorption bases (w/o)?

A

cold cream
eucerin
hydrocream
lanolin, hydrous
nivea
rose water ointment

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26
Q

what are some characteristics of water removable bases (o/w)?

A

insoluble in water
water washable
contain water
can absorb water
non occlusive
non greasy

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27
Q

what are some examples of water removable bases?

A

dermabase
hydrophilic ointment
unibase
vanishing cream
velvachol

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28
Q

what are some characteristics of water soluble bases?

A

water soluble
water washable
can absorb small amount of water
anhydrous or hydrous
non occlusive
non greasy

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29
Q

what are some examples of water soluble bases?

A

PEG

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30
Q

when preparing ointments and determining the quantities needed pharmacist like to __________

A

calculate slightly higher to compensate for loss during compounding and transferring preparation

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31
Q

what are the two basic pieces of equipment used for compounding and ointment preparation?

A

ointment slab and pad
spatulas

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32
Q

what are ointment pads made of?

A

waxed or parchment paper

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33
Q

what are the benefits of using an ointment pad?

A

minimizes cleanup

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34
Q

what is preferred, an ointment slab or pad? why?

A

slab, less loss of product

35
Q

What are large metal spatulas used for compared to small metal spatulas?

A

large - levigation, spatulation, incorporation of solid and liquid ingredients in to the ointment base

small - removing product from large and transferring

36
Q

when are black rubber or plastic spatulas used?

A

special purpose - used when ingredients react with metal

37
Q

which ingredients react with metal spatulas?

A

iodine, salicyclic acid

38
Q

black rubber or plastic spatulas are not for general use in compounding ointments becaus

A

they do not have proper combination of flexibility and strength to give adequate shear and mixing

39
Q

what are important factors to consider when incorporating solids into an ointment base?

A

choice of drug form
levigation
solvent

40
Q

What is the most preferred drug form?

A

a fine powder

41
Q

What is levigation?

A

levigation is the process of incorporating a solid by triturating it in a mortar or spatulating it on an ointment slab with a small amount of liquid

42
Q

the levigating agent should be

A

a liquid, somewhat viscous, low surface tension to improve ease of wetting the solid

43
Q

the solid during levigation should be

A

NOT soluble in the levigating agent

44
Q

what are the commonly used levigating agents?

A

mineral oil
glycerin
propylene glycol
peg 400
cottonseed oil
castor oil
polysorbate 80

45
Q

what is another name for polysorbate 80

A

tween 80

46
Q

which levigating agent can be a substitute for mineral oil when vegetable oil is preffered?

A

cottonseed oil

47
Q

which levigating agent is used for coal tar/when a surfactant is needed?

A

tween 80

48
Q

which levigating agent may be incompatible with some w/o emulsion bases?

A

tween 80

49
Q

which levigating agent is used with oleaginous bases, absorption bases, and w/o emulsion bases?

A

mineral oil

50
Q

mineral oil is miscible with fixed oils except

A

castor oil

51
Q

mineral oil is immiscible with

A

alcohol, PEG 400, glycerin, propylene glycol, and water

52
Q

glycerin is a levigating agent used with

A

o/w emulsion bases, water soluble bases, ichthanmol

53
Q

glycerin is miscible with

A

alcohol, PEG 400, glycerin, propylene glycol and water

54
Q

glycerin is immiscible with

A

mineral oil and fixed oil

55
Q

propylene glycol is a levigatating agent used with

A

o/w emulsion bases, water soluble bases

56
Q

what is propylene glycol miscible with?

A

alcohol, peg 400, glycerin, propylene glycol and water

57
Q

propylene glycol is immiscible with

A

mineral and fixed oils

58
Q

hydrocarbon bases are mainly used for

A

their emollient effect

59
Q

which base is retained on the skin for prolonged periods of time?

A

hydrocarbon bases

60
Q

water free preparations are which bases?

A

hydrocarbon

61
Q

what kind of emulsion is rose water ointment?

A

semisolid white w/o emulsion

62
Q

T or F Levigating agents are usually chosen to be chemically similar to ointment base

A

T

63
Q

which levigating agent is generally chosen for water removable and water soluble bases?

A

glycerin - miscible with water

64
Q

which levigating agent is generally chosen for oil bases?

A

mineral oil

65
Q

what levigating agent is reccomended with peruvian balsam? why?

A

castor oil
contains sulfur

66
Q

T or F: Hydrocarbon bases are easy to wash off

A

F, difficult to wash off

67
Q

what is the main drawback of hydrocarbon bases?

A

they do not absorb water or aqueous solutions
limited amount of alcoholic solutions absorb

68
Q

what base is known as simple ointment?

A

yellow ointment

69
Q

why does yellow ointment have a slightly greater viscosity than petrolatum?

A

the inclusion of yellow wax, makes it stiffer

70
Q

a synthetic counterpart of petrolatum is

A

plastibase

71
Q

what is the advantage of plastibase

A

wide spectrum of temperature range that has little effect on altering base consistency

72
Q

hydrophilic bases that have the ability to absorb added water

A

absorption bases

73
Q

______ result in the formation of w/o emulsions

A

anhydrous bases

74
Q

what is the main ingredient in anhydrous absorption bases?

A

cholesterol

75
Q

refined wool fat is also known as

A

anhydrous lanolin

76
Q

hydrophilic petrolatum is made of

A

cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, white petrolatum

77
Q

aluminum acetate solution is also known as

A

burrows solution

78
Q

burrows solution is incompatible with

A

alkalis, carbonate and borax

79
Q

cold cream and rose oil share the same formula except

A

cold cream has mineral oil instead of almond oil

80
Q

cold cream is

A

a white semi solid w/o emulsionn

81
Q

what cannot be used with cold cream

A

salicylic acid

82
Q

iodine is incompatible with

A

reducing agents, volatile oils, alkaloids, and strong oxidizing agents

83
Q

T or F alcohol does not mix well with hydrocarbon bases

A

T

84
Q
A

Compounding Midterm II (1 decks)

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