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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Electrolyte balance
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Blood formation
  7. Hormone secretion
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2
Q

Two types of bone (osseus) tissue is:

A

Compact and spongy

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3
Q

Osseus tissue is hardened by the deposition of

A

Calcium phosphate salts

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4
Q

Compact bone is also called

A

Dense or cortical bone

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5
Q

Spongy bone is also called

A

Cancellous bone

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6
Q

Spaces within spongy bone are filled with

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

Spaces within spongy bone are filled with

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Externally bones are covered with a connective tissue sheath called the

A

Periosteum

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9
Q

Osteogenic layer is important for…

A

Bone remodeling, growth, and fracture repair

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10
Q

Perforating fibers strengthen…

A

the periosteum’s attachment to bone

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11
Q

Inside of bones are covered by…

A

Endosteum

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12
Q

Epiphyseal lines are remnants of the

A

Growth plates

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13
Q

Major vessels that supply the long bones:

A

Nutrient artery and vein, metaphyseal vessels, periosteal vessels

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Initially build osteoid and calcification transforms osteoid to bone

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15
Q

Osteocytes

A

Found in lacunae, connected by canaliculi

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16
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down matrix

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17
Q

Production of new bone matrix =

A

Osteogenesis

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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-Secrete an unmineralized matrix (osteoid) that includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins
-Release alkaline phosphatase, which makes inorganic phosphate available – allows calcium phosphate salts to form

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19
Q

Osteocyte

A

• Osteoblasts become osteocytes (trapped in matrix after it hardens)
• Canaliculi contain extensions of osteocyte cytoplasm and membrane
• Osteocytes connected to one another by gap junctions

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20
Q

Breaking down of bone =

A

Osteolysis

21
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of compact bone

22
Q

Lamellae

A

“Little plates”, layers of matrix

23
Q

Central canal

A

Haversian canal; blood vessels and nerves

24
Q

Canaliculi

A

“Little canals”

25
Q

Collagen fibers run ______ orientations in adjacent lamellae

A

Opposite

26
Q

Spongy bone consists of:

A

Trabeculae and spicules

27
Q

Bone marrow =

A

Red marrow versus yellow (adipose)

28
Q

Lamellae are _____ arranged, only have a few cell layers

A

So central canals are not needed

29
Q

T or F ? = Lamellae have central canals

A

False

30
Q

Spongy bone is most abundance where bone is _____

A

Not heavily stressed or stresses originate from many directions

31
Q

Compact bone thickest where forces applied from _____

A

Limited number of directions

32
Q

Calcification =

A

Deposition of calcium salts

33
Q

Ossification =

A

Process of bone tissue formation

34
Q

Epiphyseal plates are areas of hyaline cartilage that …

A

Allow long bones to elongate until they ossify

35
Q

Interstitial growth

A

-Expand from within to increase in length
-Division of chondrocytes of the
epiphyseal cartilage
-Bone replaces cartilage at roughly the same rate cartilage grows

36
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • New matrix secreted against an external face of an existing boundary
  • Increase in width - thickens and strengthens long bone by adding layers of circumferential lamellae to outside
  • involves periosteum and endosteum
  • associated with increasing the thickness of bones, enlargement of the medullary cavity
37
Q

Repair of fractures steps:

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
38
Q

Callus formation occurs with _______ and _______

A

Fibroblasts, chondroblasts

39
Q

Callus ossification occurs with _______

A

Osteoblasts

40
Q

Bone remodeling occurs with _____

A

Osteoclasts

41
Q

Wolff’s law of bone states…

A

That the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it

42
Q

Bone remodeling :

A

-Involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
-Recycle and renew bone matrix
-Contributes to calcium homeostasis

43
Q

Bone remodeling :

A

-Involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
-Recycle and renew bone matrix
-Contributes to calcium homeostasis

44
Q

Osteopenia =

A

Loss bone density

45
Q

Osteoporosis =

A

Advanced loss of bone density where bones fracture easily, spinal deformities common due to the weight of upper body can collapse vertebrae

46
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

-Severe neuromuscular problems
-hyperexcitability (levels too low)

47
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

-Nonresponsiveness (levels too high)
-Deposits of calcium salts in blood vessels, kidneys can interfere with function

48
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate :

A

Calcium storage, absorption, and excretion ; involves negative feedback

49
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms regulate :

A

Calcium storage, absorption, and excretion ; involves negative feedback

Anatomy & Physiology I (3 decks)

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