Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is an ecosystem?
A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment
What is meant by the term “Homeostasis”?
The state of balanced function in the body
What are ligaments?
Connective tissue attaching bones to bones
What are skeletal muscles?
Muscles that move bone
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone
What are skeletal muscles?
Muscles that move bone
What does the “Integumentary System” do?
Protects the body from outside damage and infection, from fluid loss and control body temperature.
(Eg, skin, hair, nails, sweat glands)
What does the “Skeletal System” do?
Gives the body a rigid scaffold so that it can move and hold itself up. It also protects other tissues, produces blood cells and stores minerals (calcium and potassium mostly) and some fat.
(Eg, bones, ligaments, cartilage)
What does the “Muscular System” do?
Moves us - whether it’s to move us across the room, to move blood through our blood vessels, or to move food through our intestines. It also keeps us warm.
This system includes:
- skeletal muscles = attached to bones with tendons
- cardiac muscles = that make up the heart
- smooth muscles = part of arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, etc.
What does the “Nervous System” do?
Receives input from the environment through specialised sensory organs (like eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin, stretch and pain receptors in muscles etc), synthesises information, and sends out electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions, and purposeful movement as well as involuntary activity (such as breathing).
(Eg, the brain, spinal cord, as well as a vast network of nerves and supporting structures including sensory organs like eyes)
What does the “Endocrine System” do?
It’s a communication system.
(Eg, hormonal organs and glans, including the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries and more)
What does the “Circulatory System” do?
It distributes water, electrolytes, oxygens, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes and collects carbon dioxide and other byproducts throughout the body. It helps to hydrate and regulate temperature and pH .
(Eg, the heart, blood, blood vessels)
What does the “Immune System” do?
Protects against pathogens, tumour cells, and other foreign invaders.
(Eg, the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, special white blood cells)
What does the “Lymphatic System” do?
Drains tissue fluid (lymph) and brings it back to the heart. It slows down the spread of infection and even some cancers, and it also transports absorbed fats from the intestine.
(Eg, lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes)
What does the “Respiratory System” do?
Bring in oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH in the body.
(Eg, the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, and other airways and gas exchange organs)
What does the “Digestive System” do?
Breaks down and absorbs nutrients.
(Eg, oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, bile duct)
What does the “Urinary System” do?
Produces, stores, and eliminates excess water, salts and waste products, and helps control pH.
(Eg, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and related organs and glands)
What does the “Reproductive System” do?
Controls reproduction as well as sexual development.
(Eg, sex organs and glands)
What are “Smooth Muscles?”
Muscles of the arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, uterus, and more.
What does “Electrochemical” mean?
An electrochemical process or reaction is one in which electricity is produced by a chemical reaction
What is a “pH” level?
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, which determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
What is “Epithelial Tissue?”
Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.
What is “Endothelial Tissue?”
Thin tissue that lines our cardiovascular system
What is “Connective Tissue?”
Tissue that makes up structures such as our joints and fascia
What is “Fascia?”
A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilises other structures such as muscles
What is “Muscle Tissue?”
Fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement
What does “Epithelial Tissue” make up?
Our skin and line our gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
What does “Nervous Tissue” make up?
Our brain, nerves, and all sensory organs, including stretch and pain receptors in muscles, tendons and the gut.
What is “Adipose Tissue?”
Otherwise known as “fat tissue,” is technically a subtype of connective tissue cells specialised to stored energy in its most compact form: as fat. This tissue is hormonally active, making it part of the endocrine system.
What are some of things our tissues do?
- Form protective barriers against outside invaders (epithelial tissues)
- Hold us together (connective tissues)
- Move the body around (skeletal tissues)
- Communicate between cells (nervous tissues)
All living tissues are built from cells.
In terms of nutrition, what are the two basic roles our cells have?
- To get nutrients from he food we eat.
- To use these nutrients to build the raw materials and fuel to keep us alive.
How your body works depends on what?
How each cell works
What are some of the things cells do?
- Grow, mature and die
- Exchange gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Absorb and metabolise nutrients
- Regulate fluids and the exchange of solutes
- Get rid of waste
- Reproduce
What are “Axons?”
The long stem-like part of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses
What are “Neurons?”
Nerve cells
What are “Solutes?”
Substances (such as salts) dissolved in a solvent (such as water)
What is “Metabolism?”
The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life
What are “Pathogens?”
Micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi that can cause disease
What are “Peristalsis’?”
The rhythmic, wavelike muscular contractions in tubular structures, like organs of the digestive system
What are “Cell Walls?”
A rigid layer that gives structure to the cells of plants, fungi and some bacteria
