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biology unit 4 aos 1 (pathogens and immunity) > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are antigens?

A

any molecule that triggers and immune response

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2
Q

what are MHC 1 and MHC 2 proteins?

A

Both are self-antigens that mark as self so immune doesnt attack, MHC 1 expressed on all cells with nucleus. MHC 2 found on specialised cells of immune system

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3
Q

what are allergens?

A

substances that I.S recognises as non self and initiates immune response. EG : peanuts, dust, pollen

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4
Q

what are pathogens?

A

disease-causing agents, some have cellular structure. EG : parasite, fungi, virus, bacteria, prions

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5
Q

what are physical barriers of animals in 1st line of defence?

A

intact skin, hair (nose/eyes), mucus, cilia

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6
Q

what are chemical barriers of animals in 1st line of defence?

A

stomach acid, lysozymes in tears and saliva, sweat

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7
Q

what are microbiological barriers of animals in 1st line of defence?

A

bacteria on skin, flora on skin and gut

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8
Q

what are physical barriers of plants in 1st line of defence?

A

thorns, thick waxy cuticle, closing of stomata

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9
Q

what are chemical barriers of animals in 1st line of defence?

A

chitinase, phenols, oxalic acid (toxic to digest)

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10
Q

what do natural killer cells do ?

A

degranulate, force cells to undergo apoptosis, pucture and release cytotoxic chemicals, targets viral cells and cancer cells

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11
Q

what do mast cells do ?

A

degranulate, release histamines, important in inflammatory response

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12
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

engulf pathogens, dies after activation

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13
Q

what do eosinphils do?

A

degranulate cells, release toxins

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14
Q

what are intereferons?

A

interferons signal to neighbouring cells to prepare for infection. they prevent viral spread and DNA replication

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15
Q

what happens during opsonisation?

A

complement proteins stick to outside of pathogen, makinig it easier for I.S cells to recognise.

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16
Q

what happens during chemotaxis?

A

complement proteins attract phagocytes to pathogen

17
Q

what happens during cytolysis?

A

complement protein initiate MAC (membrane attack complex) where it puntures holes in pathogen, destroying pathogen

18
Q

what are the steps of the inflammatory repsonse?

A

1) initiation : injured cells release cytokines to attract neutrophils, mast cells degranulate and release histamines

2) vasodilation : blood vessels dilate and become leaky, increased blood flow (redness swelling)

3) migration : phagogytes guided by cytokines to area, complemet proteins come

19
Q

what are macrophages?

A

engulfs, antigen presenting cell, MHC 2

20
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

when the B or T cell binds with the pathogen OR MHC 2 marker

21
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

rapid mitosis, dividied into many of the cell that has been matched

22
Q

what is clonal differentiation?

A

B and T cells begin to specialise

23
Q

what are antibodies?

A

proteins produced by plasma cells during adapive immune response that is specific to an antigen

24
Q

what are the function of antibodies?

A

agglutination, opsonisation, neutralisation, immobilisation, activate complement proteins

25
Q

what is the process of the humoral. immunity activation?

A

1) B cells match w/ pathogen or MHC 2

2) B cell confirms w/ T helper cell

3) clonal expansion

4) clonal differentiation (plasma or memory)

5) plasma cells release antibodies, mem cells remain

26
Q

what is the process of the cell mediated immunity?

A

1) T cell match w/ pathogen or MHC 2

2) T cell confirms w/ T helper

3) clonal expansion

4) clonal dfferentiation (T memory, plasma, cytotoxic)

5) Cyto T leave nymph nodes to site of infrction, and induces apoptosis

27
Q

what is maturation?

A

learning difference between self and non self cells

28
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

T and b memory cells allow body to respond to previously encoutered pathogens more quickly and effectively

29
Q

explain the relationship between an allergen, mast cells and histamines

A

Allergens react with specific antibodies which are attached to mast cells, thereby causing the release of histamines from the mast cells

30
Q
A

biology unit 4 aos 1 (pathogens and immunity) (1 decks)

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