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ocr a level history - britain 1930-97 > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Korean war?

A

1950-53
1) North invaded the Pro Amercian Government in the South and almost conquered it
2) South push back against the North with UN and USA support
3) China push back the South to ensure North isn’t taken over by the West
4) Stalemate at the 38th parallel in July 1953

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2
Q

Advantages of British involvement in the Korean War

A
  • Invovlement showed British loyality to USA
  • Britain founding member of UN (solidified it’s position)
  • USA might not have been committed to Europe or NATO if Britain didn’t join
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3
Q

Disadvantages of British involvement in the Korean War

A
  • Increased defence expenditures adding to economic difficulties after WW2
  • Caused a split in the Labour Party
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4
Q

How did the Korean War affect US and Britian relationship?

A
  • USA controlled political and strategic control (UK = junior partner)
  • UK lost 700 men compared to USA’s 34k men
  • Britain made the decision to invade the North but mainly Americans fighting
  • Dec 1950 | Attlee met Truman to avoid nuclear warfare
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5
Q

What was the Suez Crisis of 1956?

A

Nasser wanted to nationalise the Suez Canal which was owned by an Anglo-American.

Britain and France didn’t want that to happen so with Israel they planned for
1) Israeli forces to enter through the Sinai Penisula
2) UK and France would tell both nations to stop as peacekeepers and send own forces

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6
Q

Advantages of British involvement in the Suez Canal

A

belief that Britain needed to intervene to
1) avoid the area from failing into Soviet control
2) defend Suez as 2/3 of the oil to Western Europe passed through it and 1/3 of ships using canal were British

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7
Q

Disadvantages of British involvement in the Suez Crisis

A
  • US were against using force and UK didn’t consult Eisenhower
  • USSR condemmed invasion as imperialist
  • Nasser’s actions weren’t illegal so Eden has no justification
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8
Q

How did the Suez Crisis affect US and Britian relationship?

A
  • US wanted a peaceful resolution and was highly against using force which Eisenhower repeated numerous time
  • Invasion coincided with USSR’s invasion of Hungary making it difficult for Eisenhower to condemm the USSR
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9
Q

Narrate the events from the Falklands Crisis 1982

A
  1. 2nd Apr 1982 - Argentine forces invaded and captured the Island
  2. 5th Apr 1982 - Taskforce dispatched
  3. 2nd May 1982 - Sinking of Belgrano (360 deaths - Argentine ship) which led to the sinking of HMS Sheffield as retaliation
  4. 21st May 1982 - British troops landed on East Falklands (50 miles from captial - Port Stanley)
  5. 14th June 1982 - Argentine forces surrendered
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10
Q

Give Evidence of Skillful Handling of the Falkland Crisis

A
  • Thatcher sent a taskforce 3 days after (swiftly)
  • UN Security Council demanded Argentina to withdraw and said Britian’s actions were justified in law
  • US Active Support allowed us to win -> allowed us to us the Ascension Island base and the US defence secretary (Weinberger) sent weapons and vital military intelligence
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11
Q

Give Evidence of Poor Handling of the Falklands Islands

A
  • Costly for little gain (If Britain wanted to keep the island they would have to keep a military presence)
  • £1.5mil per Islander to keep Falklands British
  • Sinking of Belgrano was controversial
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12
Q

Narrate the Gulf War of 1991

A
  1. 2nd Aug 1990 - Saddem Hussein invaded Kuwait and now wants to invade Saudi Arabia (if he did he would have 50% of all the world’s oil)
    -> President Bush made a coalition against Iraq with UN, Saudis and UAE
    -> Britain joined and deployed 53k to invade Iraq
  2. 17th Jan 1991 - Bombing of Iraq
  3. 24th Feb 1991 - Ground Invasion of Iraq
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13
Q

Evidence of Skillfull Handling of the Gulf War

A
  • RAF helped to support US initiatives by bombing
  • Thatcher helped to stiffen the approach tellings Bush “this is no time to go wobbly”
  • UN was on UK/USA’s side as Iraq was in violation of the UN charter
  • Major said he would create a “safe heaven” for the Kurds and protect them if they joined the war (no fly zone)
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14
Q

Evidence of Poor Handling of the Gulf War

A
  • Hussein was allowed to stay in power and took revenge against the Iraqi Kurds who rose against him
  • War was seen by many in the Middle East as British and American imperialism
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15
Q

How close was the relationship between Britain and USA? (overview - positives)

A
  • strong ties of language, culture, trade and history
  • Churchill in Mar 1946 called it a “special relationship” in his Sinews of Peace
  • US and Britain fought alongside each other in WW2 and US troops were stationed in Britain
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16
Q

How was the relationship between Britain and USA? (overview - negatives)

A
  • Britian in economic decline and could only provide limited support
  • USA had security issues outside of Europe and Britain couldnt help especially after the UK lost it’s eastern bases in the early 1970s
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17
Q

Britain and USA relations in the 1950s
-> one :) and one :(

A

:) = Korean War 1950-53
-> Fought alongside each other

:( = Suez Crisis 1956
-> went against US approach and showed Britain couldn’t acted alone as they had to back out

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18
Q

Britian and USA relations in 1960s
-> one :) and two :(

A

:) = Kennedy Relationship
JFK saw Macmillan as a political father and consulted him during Berlin + Cuba crises (but Britain had no active role)

:( = Vietnam War
Wilson couldn’t afford to help Johnson in Vietnam which Johnson felt frustrated with and Wilson tried to broker peace but failed showing Britain had no control over US policy

:( = World Power Reduced
Rapid decolonisation and economic difficulties meaning British value to USA completely diminished

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19
Q

Britain and USA relations in 1970s
-> one :) and one :(

A

:) = Warmer Relation
“personal” chemistry w/ Callaghan and Carter

:( = Heath!
valued Europe over US and believe Britain’s relationship lay with Europe

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20
Q

Britain and USA relations in 1980s
-> three :) and three :(

A

:) = Thatcher and Reagan <333
Both opposed UN sanctions against apartheid and Libya bombing in April 1986
Falklands -> us intelligence assistance was vital to British victory

:( Areas of Disagreement
Thatcher hated Reagen’s willingness to bargain nuclear disarmament
Thatcher hated SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative)
Thatcher against Grenada invasion as it was in the commonwealth

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21
Q

Britain and USA relations in 1990s
-> two :)

A

:) = Cooperation in Gulf War and Balkans

Balkans: Nato (includes Britain and USA) retaliated against Bosnian-Serbs for a massacre against Muslims in 1995 at Srebrenica refugee camp attempting to ethnically cleanse them. This massarce caused stronger US involvement leading to the Dayton Peace Accords spliting Bosnia into two republics under a central administration.

22
Q

State of US-UK Relations by 1997

A
  • Washington valued British diplomatic and military support in times of crisis but Britain exercised little influence over American decision making
  • Britain junior ally -> heavily reliant on USA
23
Q

Anglo-Russian Relations in 1950s
-> Peaceful Coexistence- one :) and two :(

A

:) = Goodwill visits
Oct 1955 - British and Russian navies exchanged Goodwill visits
Apr 1956 - Khrushchev visited Britain
Feb 1959 - Macmillan went to Moscow

:( = USSR started to gain influence over former colonies

:( = West saw communist countries as a part of a Soviet empire

24
Q

Anglo-Russian relations in 1960s and 1970s
-> two :(

A

:( = Espionage
Sep 1971 - Britain expelled 105 Soviet diplomats accused of spying

:( = Britain and NATO worried abt Soviet build of forces during and after Cuban crisis

25
Q

Thatcher and the USSR
-> one :) and one :(

A

:) = met with Gorbachev and said “we can do business together”

:( = highly anti communist

26
Q

Relationship after the Collapse of the USSR
-> 3 :)

A

:) = Yeltsin grateful for the immediate diplomatic support when Soviet hardliners had tried to seize power in Aug 1991

:) = Yeltsin thanked Major for his “profound understanding of Russia and its reforms”

:) = London was attractive Russian businessman as they could get rich after Yeltsins liberalisation of the economy

27
Q

Overview of Anglo-Russian relationship

A

Britain’s relationship stemmed from outright hostility and the USSR was seen as a potential enemy reinforced by ideological hostility, propaganda and crisies but both sides wanted to avoid a direct confrontation

28
Q

What was Britain’s role in the UN?

A
  • founding member and played a key role in establishing the UN
  • one of the five permanent members of the security council giving Britain influence and power and allowing vetoes
  • UN important for British overseas policies
29
Q

What were some key UN policies?

A
  1. Maintain peace and security and prevent aggression
  2. Peaceful settlement of international disputes
  3. Promote human rights for all
30
Q

What was the influence of UN membership on British policy?

A

-> Britain used veto for their own colonial goals
1) Suez Crisis
2) Rhodesia
3) Bombing of Libya
4) South Africa

31
Q

British relationship with Europe in 1940s/1950s
-> Two :) and One :(

A

:) = Britian helped to create the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation in 1948 to adminster Marshall Aid

:) = Founding member of NATO in Apr 1949

:( = Didn’t play a part of the ECSC or the Treaty of Rome in 1958

32
Q

British relationship with Europe in 1960s
-> One :) and One :(

A

:) = Macmillan believed British future lay with Europe and was willing to cooperate with Europe and established EFTA (European Free Trade Association)

:( = Disagreements in Partues
Left of Labour wanted to extend nationalisation and didn’t want to join the EEC

Right of Tories didn’t want to jeopardise commonwealth

33
Q

British relationship with Europe in 1970s
-> Two :)

A

:) = 1st Jan 1973 - Heath govt joined EEC!

:) = Wilson held a national referendum in June 1975 (2:1 in favour)

34
Q

British relationship with Europe in 1980s
-> Three :(

A

:( = 1980 - Thatcher believed Britain was making a disproportionately large contribution to the EEC budget demanding her money back

:( = Thatcher thought it was Tories economic policies rather than EEC that brought economic recovery

:( = Sep 1988 - denounced a ‘European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels’

35
Q

British relationship with Europe in 1990s
-> Two :(

A

:( = Britain had to humiliatingly withdraw from the ERM in 1992 and economic recovery showed that Britain did not benefit from European membership

:( = Maastricht Treaty brought together Tories in opposition who wanted Europe to stay as a trading union

36
Q

Arguments in favour of British Nuclear Deterrence

A
  • British nuclear deterrence contributes to defence of Western Europe
  • Possession of an independent deterrent maintains Britain as a great power status
  • Labour govt built nukes in 1940s as they feared USA may not defend Europe
37
Q

Arguments against of British Nuclear Deterrence

A
  • Macmillian convinced Kennedy to supply Britain with Polaris missiles (not independent)
  • Irrelevant when compared to the sixe of American and Russian nuclear arsenals
  • large cost to maintain which could be spent in other areas of government such as health care or conventional defence
38
Q

“Our deterrent is only nominally independent”

A
  • 1962 Polaris missiles from the USA to carry British warheads
  • Later replaced by trident submarine launched missiles supplied by the USA

HEAVY RELIANCE ON THE USA

39
Q

“Our Nuclear deterrent is irrelevant and costly”

A
  • insignificant against USA and USSR
  • trident submarines cost now = £100 billion each
  • Britain played limited role in SALT showing the lack of importance
40
Q

“Our nuclear deterrent is
irrelevant and costly”

A
  • insignificant compared to USA and USSR
  • cost of trident subs now = £100 Billion each
  • Britain had a limited role in SALT talks (lack of importance)
41
Q

Evidence for increased support for removing or reducing Britain’s nuclear capability

A
  • 1958: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament founded and in 1960 100k people marched
  • Labour in the 60s adopted nuclear disarmament policy
  • Britain sign Non Proliferation Treaty banning testing of nukes
  • Greenhum common protest -> women protest for 19 years from 1981
42
Q

What was the impact of the Second World War on Decolonisation?

A
  • Loss of Colony like Singapore in 1942 to Japan showed British weakness
  • WW2 caused greater unrest as India gained independence and US funded Marshall Aid gave pressure to give up empire due to Americans anti imperialist nature
43
Q

What was the impact of the Second World War on decolonisation?

A
  • loss of colony like in 1942 in Singapore to Japan exposed British weakness
  • attempts to exploit colonies for war funds caused resentment
  • Unrest after/during WW2: India go independence and US influenced Marshall Aid lead to pressure on empire as USA hated empire
44
Q

What was the impact of the Britian’s economic difficulties on decolonisation?

A
  • empire was increasingly being exploited and suffered from investment post ww2 leading to resentment and nationalism
  • winds of changes coincided with Britain’s economic downturn
  • crushing rebellions was too expensive and Britain was reluctant to use military force
45
Q

What was the impact of the growth of colonial nationalism on decolonisation?

A
  • increasing after ww2
  • many people in the “black” empire resented white empire as they had greater independence
  • many inspired by Nasser
  • growing power of nationalist groups
46
Q

What was the impact of the Cold War on decolonisation?

A
  • US and USSR pushed anti colonial progranda to provoke nationalist movements
  • saw break up of empire as an opportunity to increase their influence
  • UN grew in size and there was a lot more criticism over European empires
47
Q

How successful was British Colonial policies in Ghana?

A

:) = wasnt rushed

Independence campaign was led by the inspirational nationalist leader Nkrumah in 1951.

Ghana promised to remain in a trading bloc with Britian and became independent with minimal violence

48
Q

How successful were British colonial policies in Cyprus?

A

:( = Greek Cypriots (80%) expelled the British -> 25k British troops tied down in a bitter and fruitless campaign

Turkish Cypriots made up 20% of the population whilst the island was only a military base.

In 1960, Macmillan convinced the cypriots to work together to have a Greek President and Turkish Vice President but conflicts further broke out after a Turkish invasion 1974.

49
Q

How successful were British colonial policies in Nigeria?

A
  • North was Muslim (traditional and rural)
  • South was Christian (modernsed and westernised)

major divides in Ibo and Yoruba (east and west)

Britain set up a federal constitution and Britain handed over power to a coalition representing the North and Ibo. Nigeria became independent in Oct 1960 but the ethnic and religious tensions created instability and led to a civil war between 1967 and 1970

50
Q

How successful were British colonial policies is Kenya?

A

Kenya divided between 3

Asian community dominated the commerial life
White settlers farmed the most productive land
Three Black national groups (Kikuyu, Masai and Luo)

1952 - Kikuyu excluded from land and began guerilla campaign (Mau Mau uprising)

Savagely supressed and the guerilla fighters seen as terrorists.

Dec 1963 - Kenya became independent but too rushed but ethnic divisions remained

ocr a level history - britain 1930-97 (5 decks)

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