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Geog (sec 2) > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a city?

A
  • Population size is large.
  • Population density is high.
  • It is an urban built up area.
  • Provides a variety of functions and services.
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2
Q

What is population density?

A

It refers to the number of people per unit area of land.

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3
Q

What are built up areas?

A
  • It refers to areas covered by buildings and infrastructure.
  • Natural vegetation has been removed
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4
Q

What are some of the functions in a city?

A

(ACEEHI)
- Administrative
- Commercial
- Educational
- Entertainment
- Healthcare
- Industrial

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5
Q

What are the differences between rural and urban areas?

A
  • Rural areas have a smaller population size and lower population density.
  • Rural areas have primary industries (mining, farming) while urban areas have secondary and tertiary industries (manufacturing, services).
  • Rural areas have simple services (provision shops, clinics) while urban areas have complex services (hypermarkets, large hospitals).
  • Rural areas usually have less pollution and their natural environment retained while urban areas have built up areas and more pollution.
  • Rural areas have simple infrastructure (limited public transport, water tanks) while urban areas have extensive infrastructure (well-connected public transport networks, comprehensive sewage system).
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6
Q

What are the push factors in rural-urban migration?

A

[Economic]
- Low pay
- Few jobs
- Lack of services (poor educational opportunities, lack of medical care)

[Socio-political]
- Unstable government (war, threat of war)
- Ethnic/Religious/Cultural prosecution
- Poor quality of life
- Social isolation

[Environmental]
- Dangerous or unattractive environments (places affected by natural disasters, places with an undesirable climate)

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7
Q

What are the pull factors of rural-urban migration?

A

[Economic]
- Better pay
- Better job opportunities
- Better range of services (Institutions of higher education, large hospitals)

[Socio-political]
- Peace and stability
- Tolerant society
- Better quality of life
- To live near friends and family

[Environmental]
- Safe and attractive environments

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8
Q

What is urban to urban migration?

A

It is the movement of people from one city to another.

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9
Q

What is urban to rural migration?

A

It is the movement of people from urban areas to rural regions.

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10
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

It is the internal movement of people from rural areas to urban parts of a country.

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11
Q

Why do urban dwellers want to migrate to rural regions?

A
  • Urban dwellers with remote working arrangements may find it attractable to move to rural areas, away from the fast pace of life.
  • High cost of living and pollution in cities, while still retaining the better pay of city jobs.
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12
Q

What is the relationship between rural and urban areas through goods and services?

A
  • Cities depend of rural areas for their food supply due to the lack of agricultural land in urban areas.
  • Rural farmers rear animals and grow crops for subsistence and for commercial use.
  • Money is exchanged for the products.
  • Both rural farmers and urban dwellers benefit.
  • Rural farmers receive and income, and urban dwellers receive food.
  • When rural farmers/inhabitants travel to a city to sell food, they can gain from the facilities found in cities.
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13
Q

State the three opportunities for people in cities.

A

Education
Employment
Technological innovation

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14
Q

Describe how education benefits as an opportunity.

A
  • Institutes of higher learning such as vocational schools, polytechnics and universities are commonly found in a city.
  • The educational needs of the community are met by such institutions, which provide students with the opportunity to learn advanced knowledge and skills.
  • Cities are able to grow because of the concentration of activities and educated and/or skilled employees.
  • Work and study programmes are common in cities around the world. These allow employees to work and train at the same time.
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15
Q

Describe how employment benefits as an opportunity.

A
  • Businesses tend to grow in cities because of the extensive infrastructure, range of services and high percentage of well-educated workers they can tap on in cities.
  • Thriving business in turn lead to a large number of jobs and employees are paid a salary.
  • The employee can then use his salary for the purchase of food and daily necessities.
  • The salary can also be used to improve the well-being of the employee and his family.
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16
Q

Describes how technological innovation benefits as an opportunity.

A
  • Technological innovation is more likely to happen in cities.
  • This is because there is a concentration of knowledgeable and skilled people with interesting ideas working together, creating an ecosystem for creativity and innovation.
  • The large pool of designers, entrepreneurs and researchers found in a city creates an ideal environment for innovative ideas to thrive.
  • Investors and the government also provide money for them to try out their new ideas.
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17
Q

State a real life example on how Singapore is working to promote environmental sustainability.

A

The Future Cities Laboratory in Singapore is focusing on promoting environmental sustainability through a project called “Cooler Calmer Singapore”. The project aims to create new design ideas for buildings and the built environment to reduce carbon emissions and improve living conditions. The project includes using public transport, installing covered walkways, using lighter-coloured facades, planting on rooftops, and installing water features to prevent overheating in urban spaces.

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18
Q

What are the two challenges for people in cities?

A
  • Environmental pollution (water pollution, air pollution, soil contamination)
  • Competition for natural resources (land and water)
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19
Q

Explain how water pollution is caused.

A
  • Water pollution is a common problem in cities, usually caused by the improper disposal of waste from households and industries.
  • Poor maintenance of infrastructure can cause water pollution, when broken or leaking sewage pipes leak into waterways.
  • Pollution may also be caused by an absence of services to transport and clean wastewater before it is released into waterways.
  • When it rains, surface runoff transports contaminants found in urban environments into the waterways. The presence of informal housing does not have access to sewage systems provided by the city. These leads to a large amount of untreated sewage in the waterways.
  • Polluted waterways threaten aquatic life and human health if people rely on such waterways for domestic needs, limiting the amount of clean water available.
  • When the polluted water infiltrates and percolates into the ground, it can reach the groundwater of the area, further impacting the supply of freshwater.
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20
Q

How can water pollution be managed?

A

It can be managed by laws and regulations to control wastewater disposal, strict wastewater management systems and reducing the use of chemical fertilisers.

21
Q

Explain how air pollution is caused.

A
  • The burning of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity, factory smoke and vehicular emissions are major causes of air pollution in cities.
  • Fossil fuel usage produces harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
  • These substances are known as contaminants which are harmful to both the environment and human health.
  • The impact of air pollution on human health is serious.
  • Long-term exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory illnesses such as asthma and lung cancer, heart disease and death, resulting in a strain of healthcare services.
  • It can also impact flora and fauna negatively. Dust can settle on plants, reducing their ability to photosynthesis, Particles in the air can block the airways of animals and restrict their breathing abilities.
  • Air pollution can also damage buildings, where harmful substances such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the air react with water, oxygen and other harmful chemicals in the atmosphere to produce acidic precipitation known as acid rain. The acid rain eats into building material and destroys it.
22
Q

How can we manage air pollution?

A
  • monitoring air quality and notifying people so that they can take steps to protect themselves when air quality is low.
  • Encouraging the use of public transport to reduce emissions from cars and motorcycles.
  • Switching to clean alternatively energy sources such as solar energy and hydroelectricity to reduce carbon emissions.
  • Regulating factories to ensure that they install air pollution control devices such as scrubbers in chimneys.
23
Q

Describe soil contamination.

A
  • Soil contamination can occur when man-made chemicals alter the soil negatively, such as when solid waste is improperly disposed.
  • Toxic substances can leech out and mix with the soil, resulting in soil contamination.
  • Soil contamination can poison agriculture and surrounding ecosystems.
24
Q

Why is there competition for natural resources?

A
  • Cities need resources such as water, land and materials to continue to grow.
  • A growing urban population requires more land and water for homes and industries to meet the needs of the inhabitants.
  • The high demand for resources can cause conflicts, especially when resources are limited.
25
Q

Describe how the government achieves more land space in a city.

A
  • A growing urban population will lead to the expansion of urban built-up areas.
  • To gain the space needed for expansion, cities encroach on the surrounding land that may previously be part of the natural environment or rural areas.
  • A growing city can also be achieved by increasing building density.
  • The expansion of a city has to be carefully planned with a long-term approach to achieve efficient and sustainable growth.
26
Q

Describe why water is hard to reach.

A
  • Water is essential for life
  • Meeting the needs for the community and industries can pose to be a challenge.
  • As cities expand, water catchment areas can be reduced resulting in a smaller supply of water.
  • As cities convert natural land into road and concrete building, groundwater supplies are not quickly rejuvenated through infiltration.
  • This can cause the water level in lakes and rivers to decline.
  • Climate change can also increase the rate of evaporation.
27
Q

Describe a real life example where water shortage occured.

A

Cape Town in South Africa experienced severe drought between 2015 and 2018, leading to taps being turned off and water rationing. The city’s government threatened to reduce rationed water supply if reservoir water levels reached 13.5%. However, by September 2018, reservoir water levels were near 70%, and most restrictions were lifted. The growing urban population and poor water consumption habits exacerbated the issue.

28
Q

How is the environmental footprint used to improve the environment around the world?

A

Cities around the world have come up with various strategies to manage pollution, and the strategies generally boil down to:
- Reducing human impact on the environment
- Regulating the use of natural resources

29
Q

Describe the environmental footprint.

A
  • The environmental footprint is the effect that an individual, entity of activity had on the environment (the amount of natural resources used, the amount of harmful gases produced by an individual within a year).
30
Q

What are the main problems of city expansion?

A

Not all communities are happy when a city expands as certain groups may need to move to make way for better and more efficient use of land.

31
Q

State an example from Singapore of the problems of city expansion.

A

The development of Jurong Industrial Estate was only possible after acquiring land that was previously occupied by fishing villages, and the villagers had to be resettled.

32
Q

What are the two ways to manage the physical environment?

A
  • Manage the environmental footprint
  • Manage hazards
33
Q

Describe the impact of the environment footprint on Singapore and the rest of the world.

A
  • Cities typically have very large environmental footprints.
  • Based on data released by the International Energy Agency, Singapore ranks 27th of 142 countries in terms of carbon dioxide emissions per capita.
  • Singapore’s industrial activities and transportation system release large amounts of pollution, reducing the quality of the environment and the city’s environmental sustainability.
  • This pollution can impact neighbouring countries and cities.
34
Q

Describe a moment in Singapore where soil contamination occurred and how it was resolved.

A

Kranji Reservoir, near Singapore’s main agricultural area, faces water quality issues due to surface runoff mixing with excess fertiliser from farms. To address this, drains were built around farms, and polluted surface runoff was diverted to treatment ponds. Plants like pandan and cattails were grown on the ponds’ edges to purify the water, improving the reservoir’s water quality.

35
Q

Describe a real life example where air pollution risked the lives of many and how it was resolved.

A

China implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in 2013 for Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei to address air pollution caused by industrial activities and vehicular emissions. The plan includes a license plate lottery policy, limiting new vehicle registrations, and implementing vehicle restriction rules, limiting private car use to specific days in a week based on the last number of license plates.

36
Q

What are hazards and how are they caused?

A
  • Hazards are events that negatively impact the physical environment and human environment.
  • Hazards can be human-induced, caused by human actions or inaction.
  • Hazards can be induced by nature.
37
Q

What are some examples of human-induced hazards and natural hazards?

A

Examples of human-induced hazards are
- Oil spills (2010 Deep water Horizon oil spill)
- Industrial accidents (2020 Beirut port explosion)
- Fires (2019 liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fire in Jurong)

Examples of natural hazards are
- Earthquakes (2021 Haiti earthquake)
- Tsunamis (2004 Indian Ocean tsunami)
- Volcanic eruptions (2019 Taal volcano eruptions in the Philippines)
- Droughts (2015-2018 Cape Town drought)
- Typhoons (2020 Typhoon Goni)

38
Q

What are the benefits natural disasters can bring?

A
  • Areas affected by the natural disasters may enjoy an economic boom due to rebuilding efforts.
  • Communities in areas affected by natural disasters may build stronger bonds as people come together to rebuild homes and businesses.
39
Q

How can the use of better-quality building materials benefit?

A
  • It can help cities be resilient to potential hazards (reinforced concrete is used to ensure buildings can withstand earthquakes).

[Extra info]
- Japan is known for constructing earthquake-resistant buildings.
- Hong Kong and Taiwan are known for typhoon-resistant building designs.

40
Q

What is land use planning?

A
  • Land use planning is about making decisions on how land resources are used.
  • To reduce the threat of natural hazards, land use planning agencies may restrict the use of areas under threat of such hazards.

Land use planning agencies will
- assess if the land is suitable for use.
- give of deny permission for development (Land next to active volcanoes are unsafe and planning agencies should not allow any development to take place is such danger zones).

41
Q

What is the quality of life?

A
  • It refers to an individuals well-being.
    Quality of life can be assessed through the individual’s
  • Physical health
  • Mental health
  • Level of independence
  • Relationships with other people
42
Q

Describe housing and its purpose.

A
  • Housing is a basic need.
  • Housing refers to structures or buildings to shelter people from the elements of weather.
  • Housing are places for interaction, security and rest.
  • Housing can be built with different materials and appear different.
  • Climate often determines the choice of material and design for housing.
43
Q

How do squatter settlements occur, what are them and where can they be found?

A
  • When the supply of homes is insufficient or too costly, people may start to construct homes on empty plots of land without getting permission from the government. Such homes are known as squatter settlements.

Squatter settlements usually provide poor living conditions. Squatter settlements are also found in unfavourable locations.
- Close next to train tracks (noisy, unsafe)
- Next to roads (noisy, unsafe)
- On steep slopes (threat of landslides)
- Under bridges (noisy and unsafe)

44
Q

Describe a real life example where housing shortages in Singapore were caused and resolved.

A

Singapore faced housing issues in the 1950s and 1960s, with squatter settlements with poor living conditions, lack of running water, and overcrowding. The Singapore Improvement Trust and Housing & Development Board (HDB) addressed this by building affordable public housing and resettling squatters. By 2020, over 80% of Singapore’s population lived in HDB-built homes, often surrounded by good amenities like schools, shopping malls, recreational parks, and healthcare providers.

45
Q

Describe transportation modes.

A

Transportation modes describe the different means by which people and goods move from one place to another. There are three modes of transport.
- Land (bicycles, cars, trains)
- Air (aeroplanes, helicopters)
- Water (ocean liners, ferries)

46
Q

Why is it important for a city to have various transportation modes?

A

It provides people with options.
- Some modes are cheaper than others
- Some modes are faster and reduce travel time
- It helps to reduce traffic congestion, a problem faced by many cities
- It is efficient in moving large amounts of people
- Some modes reduce environmental pollution (taking public transport reduces an individual’s carbon footprint compared to driving a car)

47
Q

Why is it important to cater to the needs of different groups in cities?

A
  • The needs of everyone living in a city are important.
  • The elderly and physically disabled are groups that need special consideration when planning for cities.
  • When the proportion of the elderly compared to the youthful population begins to grow, an ageing population is said to be present.
48
Q

Describe how Singapore strives to include inclusive housing.

A

Singapore uses a “Universal Design” concept for public buildings, ensuring they are safe and accessible for all, including the elderly and physically disabled. This includes obstacle-free pedestrian paths, smooth surfaces, ramps for mobility devices, road crossings with sound for the visually challenged, tactile paths for the visually challenged, and longer traffic crossing times in Silver Zones, designated areas with a high proportion of elderly residents.

Geog (sec 2) (3 decks)

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