Chapter 7

Question 1

Sociological Positivism

Answer 1

What: Combined idea of social causation and investigative methods of science

Emerged: Thinkers began to look for regularities in the social life

Motivated by: Historical change that led to high concentration of deviance

Question 2

Chicago school + Haymarket Riot

Answer 2

When: 1892

Was: Centre for ideas about the influence of rapid change in the social order

Haymarket Riot: (1866) Bomb was thrown in centre, killed 7, officers responded by firing on crowd

Result: Threat of class warfare, alien radicalism and urban mass sent shock waves through social classes; therefore more suppport was given to the Chicago school to do more research

Assistance from: John D. Rockefeller ($35 Million)

Question 3

Social Disorganization Theory (5)

Answer 3

Theory: Rapid social change leads to breakdown of common values and regulations thereby allowing anomic forms of deviance like suicide and mental illness to emerge

Change Geramane to Social Disorganization:

1) Urbanisation
2) Migration
3) Immigration
4) Industrialisation
5) Technological change

Question 4

Emile Durkheim

Answer 4

Who: A founder of sociology, influenced by Darwinist evolutionary theory

Vision: Saw societies as organisms that could adapt to their environments and evolve overtime

Rejected: Explanation of social problems; believed deviance is natural or a pathology

Question 5

Mechanical Solidarity

Answer 5

Members of a society share a common conscience that holds them together

Question 6

Organic Solidarity

Answer 6

When population pressure leads to an increasingly complex division of labour

Question 7

Anomie

Answer 7

Lack of intergration within the group

Question 8

Egoism

Answer 8

Lack of regulation by the group

Question 9

Primary Relations

Answer 9

Who: Charles Horton Cooley

What: Informal, face to face personal interaction

Question 10

Secondary Relations

Answer 10

Formal, direct and less personally involving

Question 11

Chicago School Perspective

Answer 11

The less someone is intergrated and regulated by involvement in interdependent relationships, more likely he/she will become deviant

Question 12

Human Ecology

Answer 12

Study of Spatial and temporary relations among people and how they are affected by social and economic competition

Question 13

(9) Concepts of Human Ecology

Answer 13

1) Invasion
2) Segregation
3) Natural areas
4) Conflict
5) Dominace
6) Accomodation
7) Assimilation
8) Succession
9) Symbiosis

Question 14

Cartographical Schools

Answer 14

Used statistics about social issues to create social maps that showed crime, dependency, and other social problems that occur at a higher rate when social condotions change

Question 15

WHO Understanding of Urban Squalor (5)

Answer 15

1) Religious do-gooders
2) Humanitarian philanthropists
3) Journalists
4) Public health and warfare officials
5) Social reformers

Question 16

Location

Answer 16

A “criminal area”. Partly matter of geographical location and partly matter of interaction and networking

Question 17

Ecological Mapping

Answer 17

What: Detailed maps of a particular city or district that are used to show were deviance is concentrated

Constructed by: Plotting on a cencus tract map the addresses of people charged with criminal offences, receiving psychiatric care, has STD’s

Exposes: Parts of city with most break-ins, murders, and brawls

Question 18

Concentric circles or zones (5)

Answer 18

1) Large businesses, stores, banks, commerical offices, transportation
2) “Transitional area” Houses, flats, hotels. (Hobos alchoholics, prostitutes can meet without censure)
3) Stable working class, 2nd Generation immigrants.Small homes
4) Suburban middle class, white collar and executives. Larger homes
5) “Exurbia” Commuter zone. Large residential properties

Question 19

Ethnography

Answer 19

What: Continuing monitoring of eents as they unfold in a natural setting

Techniques: Door to door survey, collection of data on sex ratio, and age structure

Monitored who: Prostitutes, hobos, drug users, and unique characteristics reflecting place in urban order

Question 20

Subcultural Theory

Answer 20

Emphasis on how disorganization permits deviance to occur to an emphasis

Who: Thrasher

Question 21

Thrashers Theory

Answer 21

When institutions are weakened by rapid social change, effective legitimate regulation dissapears, gangs are formed

Question 22

The “Gang”

Answer 22

Noting impact on society of immigration, urbanization, rationalization, social and geographical mobility, and industrialization

Question 23

Shaw and Mckay (4)

Answer 23

Reported crime that showed a regular decrease as one moved from he centre of Chicago to its periphery

Watched:

1) Areas characterized by low economic status
2) Zones with high rates of juvenille delinquency
3) Each population group
4) Patterns of Behavioural characteristics

Question 24

Boundaries

Answer 24

Defining deviancy up (or down) Emphasized role of deviance in establishing moral boundaries of society and role of regulators

Question 25

Wayward Puritans

Answer 25

Argues that Puritan Society experienced “crime waves” at times when moral boundaries are threatened by external environments

Question 26

Network Theory

Answer 26

Focuses on networks of relationships

Looks at: Strength, depth, and breadth of local networks

Question 27

Sampson and Groves

Answer 27

Argued: Structural community characteristics like urbanization and residential mobility mean sparse local friendship networks and low participation

DId: Crime survey data, self report and victimization data survey from 238 British neighbourhoods