Chapter 7 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Sociological Positivism
What: Combined idea of social causation and investigative methods of science
Emerged: Thinkers began to look for regularities in the social life
Motivated by: Historical change that led to high concentration of deviance
Chicago school + Haymarket Riot
When: 1892
Was: Centre for ideas about the influence of rapid change in the social order
Haymarket Riot: (1866) Bomb was thrown in centre, killed 7, officers responded by firing on crowd
Result: Threat of class warfare, alien radicalism and urban mass sent shock waves through social classes; therefore more suppport was given to the Chicago school to do more research
Assistance from: John D. Rockefeller ($35 Million)
Social Disorganization Theory (5)
Theory: Rapid social change leads to breakdown of common values and regulations thereby allowing anomic forms of deviance like suicide and mental illness to emerge
Change Geramane to Social Disorganization:
1) Urbanisation
2) Migration
3) Immigration
4) Industrialisation
5) Technological change
Emile Durkheim
Who: A founder of sociology, influenced by Darwinist evolutionary theory
Vision: Saw societies as organisms that could adapt to their environments and evolve overtime
Rejected: Explanation of social problems; believed deviance is natural or a pathology
Mechanical Solidarity
Members of a society share a common conscience that holds them together
Organic Solidarity
When population pressure leads to an increasingly complex division of labour
Anomie
Lack of intergration within the group
Egoism
Lack of regulation by the group
Primary Relations
Who: Charles Horton Cooley
What: Informal, face to face personal interaction
Secondary Relations
Formal, direct and less personally involving
Chicago School Perspective
The less someone is intergrated and regulated by involvement in interdependent relationships, more likely he/she will become deviant
Human Ecology
Study of Spatial and temporary relations among people and how they are affected by social and economic competition
(9) Concepts of Human Ecology
1) Invasion
2) Segregation
3) Natural areas
4) Conflict
5) Dominace
6) Accomodation
7) Assimilation
8) Succession
9) Symbiosis
Cartographical Schools
Used statistics about social issues to create social maps that showed crime, dependency, and other social problems that occur at a higher rate when social condotions change
WHO Understanding of Urban Squalor (5)
1) Religious do-gooders
2) Humanitarian philanthropists
3) Journalists
4) Public health and warfare officials
5) Social reformers
Location
A “criminal area”. Partly matter of geographical location and partly matter of interaction and networking
Ecological Mapping
What: Detailed maps of a particular city or district that are used to show were deviance is concentrated
Constructed by: Plotting on a cencus tract map the addresses of people charged with criminal offences, receiving psychiatric care, has STD’s
Exposes: Parts of city with most break-ins, murders, and brawls
Concentric circles or zones (5)
1) Large businesses, stores, banks, commerical offices, transportation
2) “Transitional area” Houses, flats, hotels. (Hobos alchoholics, prostitutes can meet without censure)
3) Stable working class, 2nd Generation immigrants.Small homes
4) Suburban middle class, white collar and executives. Larger homes
5) “Exurbia” Commuter zone. Large residential properties
Ethnography
What: Continuing monitoring of eents as they unfold in a natural setting
Techniques: Door to door survey, collection of data on sex ratio, and age structure
Monitored who: Prostitutes, hobos, drug users, and unique characteristics reflecting place in urban order
Subcultural Theory
Emphasis on how disorganization permits deviance to occur to an emphasis
Who: Thrasher
Thrashers Theory
When institutions are weakened by rapid social change, effective legitimate regulation dissapears, gangs are formed
The “Gang”
Noting impact on society of immigration, urbanization, rationalization, social and geographical mobility, and industrialization
Shaw and Mckay (4)
Reported crime that showed a regular decrease as one moved from he centre of Chicago to its periphery
Watched:
1) Areas characterized by low economic status
2) Zones with high rates of juvenille delinquency
3) Each population group
4) Patterns of Behavioural characteristics
Boundaries
Defining deviancy up (or down) Emphasized role of deviance in establishing moral boundaries of society and role of regulators
