chapter 7 Flashcards
acid
substance produces H+ ions when dissolved in water
base
substance produces OH- ions when dissolved in water
molecular equation
balanced (in lowest ratio)
compounds stay in tact
includes phases
complete ionic equation
compounds written as ions (with charges)
includes phases
net ionic equation
remove spectator ions
include charges
include phases
oxidation
looses an electron
reduction
gains an electron
oxidizing agent
the substance that becomes reduced,
causing the oxidation
reducing agent
the substance that becomes oxidized,
causing the reduction
types of reactions
- acid - base
- combustion
- neutralization
- oxidation-reduction
- precipitation
- single displacement
- redox
Acid - base reaction
Combustion reaction
a redox reaction that the reductant and the oxidant react vigorously and produces heat “(g)”.
Neutralization reaction
a specific type of acid-base reaction
reactants are an acid and base
products are often salt and water
Oxidation-reduction reaction
one or more elements involved undergo a change in oxidation number.
Precipitation reaction
Single displacement reaction
redox reactions in which an ion in the solution is displaced or replaced.
Redox reaction
two or more element undergo a change in oxidation number
precipitate
the solid formed during a reaction
NOT soluble
(use the solubility chart for products!!!)
percent yield
(actual yield / theoretical yield ) x 100
oxidation state / number
the charge of each atom of an element would have if it were ionic.
rules: 1. when in elemental form is always zero.
- in monatomic ions, O.N = ions charge.
- common non metals:
hydrogen: +1 when w/ nonmetals
hydrogen: -1 when w/ metals
oxygen: -2 in most compounds
oxygen:-1 when peroxides
oxygen:-1/2 when superoxides
halogens: -1 always for F
halogens: -1 mostly for other halogens
EXCEPT when combined with oxygen or other halogens
- the sum of oxidation numbers for all atoms in molecule equals zero.
limiting reactant
the reactant that is entirely consumed;
limiting the amount of product that can be generated
excess reactant
the reactant that is left over/ extra
Emperical formula
