Chapter 7 Flashcards
Actinide Series
All radioactive. Only 3 actinides exist in nature.
Transuranium elements
Elements that are synthetic and do not exist in nature. Has an atomic number greater than 92. Created in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors.
Plutonium 239
A transuranium element that does not decay quickly and can be used in nuclear power plants
Americium
Used in smoke detectors
Lanthanide Series
Silvery metals w/ high melting points. Found mixed together in nature. First found in Ytterby Sweden.
Neodymium and praseodymium
Used in glass for welder’s goggles. They absorb high energy radiation that can damage the eyes.
Yttrium and Europium
Found in TV screens and color computor monitors. Emit bright red light when excited by a beam of elelectrons.
Cerium
Used to create Misch metal which is 50% cerium to remove carbon from iron and steel.
Compounds of lanthanides are used for:
Movie projectors, high intensity searchlights, lasers, and tinted sunglasses.
Copper
Electrical wiring
Zinc
Protective coating for other metals. Also helps digest proteins and eliminate carbon dioxide in your body.
Iron
Making steel
Transition metals in general are used for:
Jet engines, drill bits, surgical instruments, armor
Iron
Center of hemoglobin molecule, which picks up oxygen from blood vessels in your lungs and carries it to cells throughout your body.
Manganese and Copper
Used in cellular respiration
Cobalt
Needed for the development of red blood cells.
Metallurgy
Extracting metals and their compounds from ores.
Magnetism
The ability of a substance to be affected by a magnetic field. A moving electron creates a magnetic field.
Diamagnetism
All the electrons in atoms or ion are paired. The substance is unaffected or slightly repelled by a magnetic field.
Paramagnetism
There is an unpaired electron in the valence orbital of the atom or ion, the electron is attracted to a magnetic field.
Temporary magnet
Magnetic properties disappear after the magnetic field is removed.
Ferromagnetism
The strong attraction of a substance to a magnetic field. all the ions are alligned so they form a magnet.
Color change
Can be used to detect when a transition metal forms a different type of ion.
Helium
Lightest noble gas; lighter than air, used in blimps, airships, and balloons. By replacing the N in air with He, divers can return to the surface without experiencing “The bends.” Liquid He can also be used as a coolant for superconductors. Emits yellow light.
Neon
Light displays when high voltage electricity excites the electrons, and then they fall back down. Emits a bright orange light.
Argon
Emits blue light for neon light displays. Most abundant of the noble gasses on earth. Provides an inert atmosphere for welding to avoid sparks. Prolongs the life of filaments in light bulbs as a layer of insulation between banes of glass.
Bromine and Iodine
Relatively little produced compared to the other halogens b/c lack of commercial uses. Silver bromide and silver iodide are used to coat photographic film. Your body needs I for your thyroid gland, otherwise you can get goiter. Iodized salt.
Chlorine
Reacts with nearly all elements. Deadly gas. Used to disinfect sewage. Bleaching agents. Can block nerves that carry pain signals to the brain, used in dentistry. HCl in your stomach helps you digest food. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic.
Fluorine
Most electronegative element. Most active element. Reacts w/ everything but He, Ne, and Ar. Fluorite: F+ Ca, used to separate minerals from their ores. Toothpaste, drinking water, to prevent decay. F+C = nonstick coating for cookware. When used with U, the U separates into different masses so we cna use U-235 for breeder reactions.
Halogens
Ability to form compounds with almost all metals. Astatine however is radioactive w/ no uses.
Selenium
Can be used to supplement diets, works w/ vitamin E to prevent cell dmg. It may also help prevent cancer. However, more isn’t better, too much can be toxic. Used in solar panels, conducts electricity better as light increases, used in photography and photocopiers. Used in semiconductors
Sulfur
10 allotropes, more than C and O combined. Sulfuric acid can indicate the strength of an economy. Half produced is used to make fertilizer. Some organisms in the deep sea use Hydrogen Sulfide to make food. Tarnish=silver+sulfur
Oxygen
2 Allotropes: Ozone O3 and Oxygen O2. Oxygen produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration. To store O2 in small spaces, reactions occur to make O2. Most abundant element on Earth. CO and CO2. H2O and H2O2.
Polonium
Discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie, named for their home country Poland.
Arsenic, antimony, bismuth
Among the oldest known elements. As is toxic. AsS was used to treat illnesses in the past. AtS was used as eyeshadow. Bi is used in pepto bismol.
Wood’s metal
Bi+Pb+Sn+Cd=plug in automatic sprinkler system with a low melting point.
Brittania metal
Sn+An. Can be used for table wear
Phosphorous
3 Solid allotropes. Phosphoric acid: Turned into phosphate compounds. Processed cheese, laxatives, baking powders. Flame retardant coating for fabrics, grease remover for cleaning products. Fertilizer. Eutrophication. Not legal in detergents in the US
Nitrogen
Colorless, odorless, rather unreactive. 78% of earths atmosphere. Proteins+Nucleic acids need N. Bacteria must fix molecular N into N compounds. Ammonia (NH3). Explosives, dyes, fertilizers. TNT.
Nitrogen Group
N, P, As, Sb, Bi
Oxygen Group
O, S, Se, Te, Po
Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble Gasses
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Lead and tin
Lead is toxic. Tin is softer than most metals. Tin cans used to coat steel, but now Al is cheeper. Bronze: Sn+Cu. Pewter:Sn+Pb. Lead, low melting point. Very harmful to kids who may inhale it.
Silicon
2nd most abundant element in Earth’s crust after oxygen. Used in computer chips and solar cells. Silica is in quartz crystals, sand, and glass.
Allotropes
Forms of an element in the same physical state. Ex Graphite - very soft, Graphene, Diamond - hardest known thing.
Carbon
Organic chem: based on C. Graphite - very soft, Graphene, Diamond - hardest known thing. Base of all life forms.
Mineral
Element or inorganic compound found in nature as solid crystals
Ore
A material from which a mineral can be removed at a reasonable cost.
Carbon group
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
Gallium
Can melt in your had, used in thermometers, gallium arsenide produces an electrical current when it aborbs light. Used in semiconductor chips for light powered calculators and solar panels. Gallium nitride: Blue lasers
Aluminum
Most abundant metal and 3rd most abundant element in earth’s crust. More efficient to recycle aluminum. Many gems are aluminum oxide plus trace other elements. Aluminum sulfate used in antiperspirants.
Boron
Borosilicate glass: Extreme temperatures without shattering. Used for lab equipments and cooking. Borax is used as a cleaning agent and as fireproof insulation. Boric acid is used as a disinfectant and eyewash. BN is the 2nd hardest known material.
Boron group
B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
Strontium
Gives fireworks crimson color
Barium
Used in paints and some types of glass. Also used as a diagnostic tool for internal medicine.
Radium
Highly radioactive, emit alpha, beta, and gamma particles. People used to paint radium on the hands of watches to make them glow in the dark.
Magnesium
Abundant element. Magnesium+aluminum and zinc are lighter than steel but equally as strong. MgO has a high melting point, used to line furnaces. Chlorophyll needs Mg, as do your muscles and metabolism.
Calcium
Healthy bones and teeth. Calcium carbonate: limestone, chalk, marble, coral reef, antacid tablets, abrasive in toothpaste. Used to build roman aqueducts. When CaC decomposes, it forms lime, used to make steel, paper, and glass.
Beryllium
Lightest member of the alkaline earth metals. Beryl: Be+Al+Si+O. Moderates neutrons in nuclear reactors. Be+Cu are used where sparks could cause a fire or explosion for ex petroleum refineries
Alkaline Earth Metals
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
Little commercial use. Rb melts on a hot day. It will burst into flames if exposed to air. Fr, is rare and radioactive.
Sodium and Potassium
Most abundant alkali metals. Sodium: vapor lamps, heat exchanger. K: More reactive than sodium, fewer industrial uses, most common + ions in cells. Na: Most common + ions in interstitial fluid. Na K pumps in neurons. NaCl: Table salt, preserves food. KCl: Salt substitute. K: Used in fertilizers. KN: Fireworks
Lithium
Lightest alkali metal. Least reactive. Less likely to dissolve in water. Closer to magnesium than the other alkali metals. Lithium batteries extend range of electric automobiles. Dehumidifiers to absorb water. Lithium Carbonate: Strengthen glass, treat bipolar disorder such as mood swing to depression.
Alkali metals
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Hydrogen
1 VE. Flammable air. universe: 90% H by mass. Heavy water slows down or moderates neutrons in nuclear fission. Acts as a nonmetal: Gains an electron, and becomes like He. Nonmetal: Loses its electron and forms an H+ ion. Used to convert vegetable oils into solid fats.
Diagonal relationships
Some Period 2 elements don’t behave as predicted. Often, the lightest element is the least representative. These light elements have more in common with the period 3 element in the next group.
Representative elements
Elements from 1-2 and 13-18.
