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Visual Anna > CHAPTER 7 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The probe bodies used in our investigation of the visual
pattern of the patient are

A

Lenses and Prism

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2
Q

• Are used for their specific effect upon accommodative
pattern.

A

Lenses

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3
Q

• Are used for their specific effct upon convergence pattern.

A

Prism

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4
Q

There are four basic changes that can be performed with prism and
lenses:

A

• Convex Sphere
• Concave Sphere
• Base-in prism
• Base-out pris

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5
Q

• Convex Sphere it ?
The induced change?

A

The induced changes is as if the object move away from
the plane of regard.

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6
Q

The size change observed in Convex sphere is that the target appears?

A

Larger

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7
Q

CONCAVE sphere function
and it changes.

A

> STIMULATE ACCOMMODATION

> The induced change is as if the object is moved closer to
the observer.

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8
Q

Concave size changed observed?

A

Target appears SMALLER

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9
Q

BAse-IN PRISM function.

A

Inhibit Convegence

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10
Q

BASE IN PRISM INDUCED CHANGES

A

The induced change as if the object is moved away from
the plane of regard.

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11
Q

The size change observed in BASE IN PRISM

A

LARGER

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12
Q

BASE OUT PRISM function and induced changes.

A

> STIMULATE CONVERGENCE
The induced change is as if the object moving closer to
the observer.

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13
Q

The size change observed in Base out prism.

A

The size change observed is that the target become
SMALLER as it come CLOSER

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14
Q

These are the test that have been listed as tests which influence the
accommodative pattern and convergence pattern.

A

VT # 10
VT #16 A
VT # 17A

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15
Q

The stimulation or inhibitionof segment of visual pattern
can continued without affecting another portion of visual
pattern because of the ________?

A

Buffer Area

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16
Q

Extent and integration of buffer area in CNS determines
the ______ or _______.

A

limit of of stimulation or inhibition

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17
Q

We have three types of visual
problems, and these are the
following:

A

Poor
Reader
Accommodative
interference
Convergence
Interference

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18
Q

The accommodative mechanism that functions through
a _________ mechanism is ______.

A

> Smooth muscle
Slow Acting

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19
Q

The convergence mechanism which functions through a
_______ mechanism is______.

A

> Striated Muscle
Fast Acting

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20
Q

Whenever two mechanism must coordinate their
activity, the slower functioning mechanism becomes
the

A

pace setter

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21
Q

Proportionally 95% of all cases are accommodative or
what we called the

A

B-Type

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22
Q

and the remaining 5% are
convergence or

A

C-Type

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23
Q

In B-Type case, accommodation will be ________ and convergence will be ______,

A

accommodation will be away from the
organism and convergence will be toward the
organism,

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24
Q

In B type Case we can expect that?

A
  • Lens (Low)
    + Lens (High)
    BO (Low)
    BI (High)
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25
Q

C-Type case, accommodation will be _____ and convergence will be _______.

A

> towards the
organism and convergence will be away from the
organism.

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26
Q

What can we expect in
C-type Case?

A
  • Lens (H)
    + Lens (L)
    BO (L)
    BI (H)
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27
Q

if the visual problem is of recent origin, therefore we
would expect both far point duction would be?

A

HIGH

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28
Q

stimulates the convergence at far.

A

BO

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29
Q

duction at far have different set of
circumstances

A

BI

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30
Q

what duction test that has a recent problem, will tolerate full
plus lens value.

A

11

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31
Q

It is a duction test that has advanced visual problem, cut plus,be conservative.

A

10

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32
Q

NEAR POINT DUCTIONS
the visual problem stars at Patients working distance
of.

A

16 inches or 40 cm

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33
Q

Base-in prism at near for the beginning visual
problem, the spread of the visual problem has not
progressed to the beyond the plane or regard,
therefore we expect No.17 to be ?

A

HIGH

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34
Q

Base-out prism at near, we very quickly enter the
spatial area where the patient has visual distortion,
therefore, perceptual rapport with the plane of regard
cannot be maintained and the patient will____?

A

double
under the base-out stimulus demand.

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35
Q

if the visual problem is recent as far as the near point
ductions are concerned, we would expect to have No.
16

A

LOW DUCTION

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36
Q

If 16B is LOW what would be the indication?

A

> recent problem, will tolerate full
plus lens value.

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37
Q

If 17B is low whatbwould be the indication?

A

> advanced visual problem, cut
plus,be conservative

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38
Q

11-16B resulted LOW, It indicates?

A

No. 11 and No. 16B test being low
indicate a recent visual problem
and readily accepts the maximum
plus found in VT 7

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39
Q

11-17B Indicates?

A

we are beginning to have a more
advanced visual problem.

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40
Q

10-16B LOW indicates?

A

No. 10 and No. 16 test being low we
have the development of a visual
problem which has spread to
farpoint.

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41
Q

11-17B LOW indicates?

A

this is the advanced stage of the
visual problem, it calls for
reduction of lens application for
both far and near.

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42
Q

What are the VT for PROTECTION TO CONVERGENCE.

A

PHORIA TEST
3,13A , 8, 13B, 15A, 15B

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43
Q

What are the VT for PROTECTION TO ACCOMMODATION.?

A

4,5,6,14A,14B
>Retinoscopy and Cossed cylindr test

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44
Q

What are the test for POTENTIAL OF INHIBITION.

A

> 9,16A,17A, 20,21
Blurr Tests

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45
Q

VT for LEARNED RELATIONSHIPS

A

> 10,11,16B 17B
Duction Break Tests

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46
Q

What are the VT for DEGREE OF ORGANIZATION

A

10,11,16B

Duction Recovery Test

47
Q

What are the VT for PROTECTION OF ACCOMMODATION AGAINST SENILITY.

A

19 Amplitude of Accommodation

48
Q

It determines whether the patient can utilize full
Plus lens application or whether a minimum plus lens application
must be used.

A

case typing

49
Q

It refers to the maximum lens values found in the subjective at far
(VT no. 7) and the MSDA at near.

A

FULL PLUS MEAN

50
Q

ANALYTICAL TESTS INCLUDED IN CASE TYPING are

A

VT no. 10 - Convergence Test at Far
VT no. 11 - Abduction Test at Far
VT no. 16B -Positive Fusional Reserve Test at Near
VT no. 17B - Negative Fusional Reserve Test at Near

51
Q

PERFORMING PHORIA TEST
TO DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:

A

EXTENT OF
VISUAL PROBLEM

EFFECT OF LENS
UPON

CONVERGENCE
DETERMINE A
LAG

TYPE OF VISUAL
PROBLEM

TYPE OF VISUAL
CARE NEEDS

52
Q

The protection available to the
organism against blurred
vision is

A

HYPEROPIA

53
Q

Is an eyeball which is too short for its
refractive power.

A

HYPEROPIA

54
Q

Defined as that the point on the
luminous conoid which gives
maximum intensity of energy per
unit area.

A

Focus

55
Q

A condition in which the subject must more than the
normal amount of accommodation for the test distance
in order to maintain standard acuity.

A

Hyperopia

56
Q

Amount of accommodation free of convergence with
fixation at far.

A

Hyperopia

57
Q

Five analytical tests are performed in order to determine the amount of latitude of
performance in the accommodative pattern.

A

4,5,6,14A,14B (Objective)

58
Q

The testing conditions for the static retinoscopy (No.4) test are arranged for
maximum inhibition to accommodation with farpoint fixation. These
conditions are:

A

(a) extra plus spheres before each eye;
(b) gross fixation target;
(c) dim light; and
(d) flickering light in one eye which tends to create dissociation.

59
Q

● Compare with the static
retinoscopy

A

5 net

60
Q

Unimpaired
individual in dynamic if?

A

5 net is higher in plus

than the static
retinoscopy test value

61
Q

Impairment
develops in #5 net if

A

5 net value in relation

to the static retinoscopy
decreases, and finally,
value becomes equal to
the static retinoscopy
test value

62
Q

It is the measurement of the negative relative
accommodation at an intermediate fixation distance.

A

6 dynamic petinoscopy at 40 inches

63
Q

Unimpaired
individual in #6

A

6 net is higher in plus than

the static retinoscopy test
value

64
Q

Impairment has
developed in #6

A

6 net value decreases and

becomes less in plus than static
retinoscopy test.

65
Q

This correction factor for the influence of convergence
upon accommodation is termed as____?.
● A conversion factor of ____ is used.

A

> Lag
6:1

66
Q

It serves as basis for the
determination of the prescriptable lens at near.

A

• Cross cylinder NETS

67
Q

It is one of
diagnostic symptoms in determining the degree of
embedding.

A

14A and 14B nets

68
Q

• If 14B net is lower in plus sphere than 14A, we have one
of the characteristic symptoms of the______

A

disembedded
visual pattern.

69
Q

14B NET is greater in plus sphere than the 14A net, we
have one of the characteristic symptoms for the_____

A

embedded or structured visual pattern.

70
Q

We obtain the following information from the test
which measures the protection available to the
pattern of accommodation:

A

4,5,6,14A net ,14B net

71
Q

This test differs from the remaining
blur findings in that it is performed
at the 20 ft. test distance and the
end point of the test is a blur
equivalent to that created by a plus
0.25 D sphere.

A

9 Treue Adduction at far

72
Q

In performing this test, we are
measuring a certain target (spatial),
latitude or degree of flexibility
between the important components
of the visual pattern.

A

9 True

Adduction

73
Q

We are measuring a time-spatial
relationship between convergence
and accommodation.

A

9 True

Adduction

74
Q

In VT #9 LOW means:

A

Disembedded or disorganized
relationship

75
Q

In VT #9 HIGH means:

A

Embedded or organized
relationship

76
Q

These tests measure the potential of inhibition as one component of the visual pattern is
stimulated or inhibition to its maximum degree at near point.

A

16A POSITIVE RELATIVE CONVERGENCE
17A NRC
20 PRA
21 NRA

77
Q

It measure the potential of inhibition as one
component of the visual pattern is stimulated or inhibited to its maximum degree at
near point.

A

Positive Relative Convergence 16A

78
Q

It measures the ability of the organism to tolerate
the movement of convergence away from him, while accommodation is at the plane
of regard.

A

Negative Relative Convergence 17A

79
Q

It represents
the range in accommodation pattern to withstand the stimulation and inhibition of
that function without causing an overt movement in convergence.

A

Positive Relative accommodation 20
and
Negative Relative accommodation 21

80
Q

VERTICAL DUCTION

A

RIGHT SUPRA DUCTION
RIGHT INFRA DUCTION

81
Q

LATERAL DUCTION

A

CONVERGENCE TEST @ FAR
ABDUCTION
POSITIVE FUSIONAL RESERVE
NEGATIVE FUSIONAL RESERVE

82
Q

AS TO TYPE OF PRISM
USE FOR LEARNED RELAYIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCM. CONV.

BI, BD, BO, BU

A

BI ( 11,17A)
BO (10 )
BD (right supra duction)
BU (Right zinfra duction)

83
Q

THE LEARNED
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ACCOMMODATION AND
ACCOMMODATION AND
CONVERGENCE AS TO TEST DITANCE:

A

FAR :
CONVERGENCE @ FAR 10
ABDUCTION 11
RIGHT SUPRA DUCTION 12B
RIGHT INFRADUCTION 12B

NEAR (16in)
POSITIVE FUSIONAL RESERVE 16B
NEGATIVE FUSIONAL RESERVE 17B
RIGHT SUPRA DUCTION 18B
RIGHT INFRA DUCTION

84
Q

TYPE OF STIMULUS USED FOR LEARNED RELATIONSHIP:

A

Stimulatory to convergence (BO)
Inhibitory to convergence (BI)

85
Q

TYPE OF SPATIAL MOVEMENT FOR LEARNED RELATIONSHIP:

A

BASE OUT- move convergence towards the observer
BASE IN- move convergence away from the observer.

86
Q

when we break the bincular space lattice by means of a prism we are measuring the magnitude of the learned relationship betwee. thenpattern of accomm and conv within _______.

A

Centran Nervous System

87
Q

when stimulus pattern disparity has reached the functional limit of integration (outer limit of panum’s area) diplopia will ensure.

A

break

88
Q

Ecessive blurring of the target stimulus pattern due to the conditioned accommodative changeand the resultant fusional desire.

A

Break

89
Q

Excessive movement of convergence pattern has reached the psychophysiological limits
of panum’s area

A

Break

90
Q

fusional
limits at near (Learned relationship)

A

BO 21^
BI 22^
BU 6^
BD 6^

91
Q

visually
unimpaired (learned relationship)

A

Break finding is high

92
Q

Visually Imapired (Learned relationship)

A

Break findings are usually very low

93
Q

degree of the visual
problem (LR) if 11&16B are both LOW

A

(Simple Visual Probem)

94
Q

degree of the visual
problem (LR) if
11&17B are both LOW

A

More Intensive Visual Problem

95
Q

degree of the visual
problem (LR) if #10 and either of nearpoint duction test are low

A

Very more intense visual problem

96
Q

SILO means in law of silo

A

SMALL IN LARGE OUT

97
Q

measures the degree of integration between
accommodation and convergence

A

RECOVERY

98
Q

the sooner patient regains single binocular vision (G)

A

highly integrated visual pattern

99
Q

G. require considerable reduction in the amount of
prism before single binocular vision s regained

A

poor visual pattern

100
Q

G. RECOVERY
performance ability which
has been existed for a
considerable period of time
“embedded” / “organized”

A

HIGH

101
Q

G. RECOVERY
very inefficient and poorly
integrated visual response
“disembedded” /
“disorganized”

A

LOW

102
Q

undesirable situation of diplopia is within the limits of the organizational
ability of the CNS to resolve the dilemma

A

Recovery fusion

103
Q

Expected Values of Recovery Farpoint 10&11

A

1/2 of the expected break values

104
Q

Expected Values of Recovery 16B&17B

A

2/3
3/4

105
Q

higher than their expected values, recovery values must stay in ratio

A

Break Points

106
Q

measures the reserve in the accommodative pattern to
preserve clear vision in spite of advances in senility

A

Amplitude of Accommodation

107
Q

latitude built into the accommodative pattern
to withstand the ravages of advancing age upon clear vision.
It is more than just the measure of lenticular accommodation; it is the measure of
total accommodation.

A

AA

108
Q

WHAT ARE TOTAL ACCOMMODATION

A

lenticular accommodation
aberrational accommodation
psychic accommodation
tonic accommodation.

109
Q

contraction of the ciliary muscles forcing the ciliary processes against the anterior
surface of the lens

A

lenticular accommodation

110
Q

provides the same extension (or range) in the focus mechanism that fusional
convergence (Panum’s areas) provides in the convergence mechanism for single vision.

A

aberrational accommodation

111
Q

amount of lenticular accommodation in action due to the emotional and psychological
reaction of the subject to the surrounding environment.

A

psychic accommodation

112
Q

the lenticular poise under the conditions of far-point fixation with maximum inhibition to
activity.

A

tonic accommodation.

113
Q

The ______ of the organism is an important measure of the
presence of a visual problem..

A

total accommodative amplitude

114
Q

TEST DISTANCE OF AA

A

16 “

Visual Anna (3 decks)

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