Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the 3 types of macronutrients
Carbs, Protein and Fats
What is the macronutrient that is the main energy supplier
Carbs
What is Carbs Monomer
Glucose (Stored as Glycogen)
What is proteins Monomer
Amino Acid
What is Fats Monomer
Fatty Acids (Stored as triglycerides)
Define an Anaerobic System
A system that doesn’t need oxygen to function
Define an Aerobic System
A system that needs oxygen to function
What is ATP
A Common energy molecule
How can ATP be restored
The 3 metabolic pathways
What are the 3 metabolic pathways
ATP-PC, Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
What is the Anaerobic Alactic System commonly known as
ATP-PC System
What is the Anaerobic Lactic System commonly known as
Glycolysis system
What is the Aerobic System commonly known as
Cellular Respiration
How does the ATP-PC System work
Phosphocreatine bonds with ADP to create 1 ATP molecule
How long does ATP last for in the ATP-PC system
10 - 15 seconds
What sports is the ATP-PC system best for
100m sprints, Long jump, Weight lifting
How does the glycolysis system work
Glycolysis can be broken down into ATP molecules creating pyruvate
What happens when you have sufficient oxygen in the glycolysis system
pyruvate is the byproduct and continues to the cellular respiration system
What happens when there is no oxygen available in the glycolysis system
Pyruvate turns into pyruvic acid and then turns into lactate
How is Lactate formed
Pyruvate bonds with 2 H+ ions released during ATP breakdown and muscles become more acidic and fatigued
How long does ATP last when using the Glycolysis system
90 seconds - 2 minutes
How many ATP molecules does the glycolysis system make per glucose molecule
2 ATP molecules per Glucose molecule
How many chemical reactions does the glycolysis system undergo
11 reactions
What sports are best for the glycolysis sytstem
Hockey, Hurdles, Speed Skating
How does cellular respiration work
Glycolysis converts into pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA then enters the Kreb Cycle (Citric acid cycle)
Once the 2 ATP molecules are produced they are sent to the Electron Transport Chain
The ETC is in the mitochondria and a large amount of ATP is produced (32 ATP molecules)
What happens in the Kreb cycle
During the Kreb cycle (Citric Acid Cycle…
2 ATP produced
CO2 byproduct
compounds capable of storing high energy electrons produced (NADH and FADH2)
they are then sent to the ETC
8 chemical reactions are undergone
What happens in the Electron Transport Chain
32 ATP molecules are produced but in total 36 are produced during cellular respiration
The chain is a series of electrons and proteins that accept and donate electrons in a series
CO2 and H2O are the by products
The final electron acceptor is O2
What is the Byproduct of cellular Respiration (ETC)
CO2 and H2O are the by products
How are fats stored in the body
Triglycerides
Define Lipolysis
Process that turns fatty acids into energy
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers
Type 1: Slow Oxidative
Type 2A: Fast Oxidative Glycolysis
Type 2X: Fast Glycolysis
Which muscle fiber contains the highest amount of Myoglobin
Slow Oxidative
Which muscle fiber is Anaerobic and Aerobic
Fast Oxidative Glycolysis
Which Muscle fiber has the lowest amount of Myoglobin
Fast Glycolysis
What is Myoglobin
A red protein that stores oxygen in the muscle cell
What sport is best for Cellular Respiration
Cross-country Skiing, Marathon running and Soccer
How long does the ATP from Cellular Respiration last for
3 minutes
What is the cori Cycle
Lactate is metabolized back into pyruvic acid in the liver (Cori Cycle). This Cycle is important in preventing acid build-up during activity in the muscles as well removing and resynthesizing it to glucose at rest.
Does the ATP-PC system produce a by product
NO
What is the enzyme that breaks down PC in ATP-PC
Creatine Kinase
What causes the burn
H+ ions build up in the muscle which changes the pH
The muscle becomes acidic and competes with Ca+ for troponin binding sites
What happens to the lactate after it is removed
It will be synthesised into glucose with is a process called gluconeogenesis
Why is the cori cycle important
It prevents acid buildup during activity in the muscles and removes/synthesises it into glucose to rest
What factor play a role when using protein supplements
Training load, training goals, daily energy requirements, typical diet, appetite post workout, budget and general diet intake
Most athletes should be able to get the proper amount of protein intake thru diet… Which athletes are the exception?
endurance athletes in heavy training, athletes looking to build muscle mass, vegetarians.
Which foods are known as “High Biological Value Proteins”
Animal based proteins such as dairy foods, eggs, meat, fish and poultry as well as isolated soy protein contain all of the essential amino acids needed by the body.
Which foods are known as “Low Biological Value Proteins”
Plant based proteins because they only contain only some of the essential amino acids
How can protein be classified as
Protein can be classified as their nutrient profile (Providing protein only) or a protein blend which is several proteins.
There are also supplements that supply both carbs and protein
Some supplements also have additional ergogenic ingredients such as creatine, specific amino acids, proposed fat metabolisers, vitamins and minerals.
How are 50% of lipids that are used by muscle delivered
By circulation
What are some things you need to take into consideration when using fat as a fuel during exercise
Amount of fatty acids in arterial blood
Muscle blood flow
Oxygen level
Where are 50% of triglycerides stored
In the muscle
What happens during lipolysis
Fatty acids are converted into Acetyl-CoA and the enters the kreb cycle and continues making ATP in cellular respiration
Pros of training the Anaerobic Lactic system
Increased efficiency of lactate buffering
More blood flow allows for diffusion of lactate and metabolism to glycogen in the liver
when there is a reduced rate of lactate byproduct more pyruvate continues to cellular respiration
