Chapter 7

Question 1

From 1700-1800, how much did the European population increase?

Answer 1

from 120 million to 190 million

Question 2

What aristocracy was the smallest, but most “socially responsible”?

Answer 2

England/British aristocracy

Question 3

How many families were in the British aristocracy?

Answer 3

400 families

Question 4

What did England aristocracy do?

Answer 4

began to invest in industrialization, controlled Parliament, owned the best land in England

Question 5

How many members were there in the French nobility?

Answer 5

400,000

Question 6

Nobles of the “sword”

Answer 6

those whose nobility was derived from military service

Question 7

Nobles of the “robe”

Answer 7

those who had acquired their titles either by serving in the bureaucracy or by having purchased them (traditional families)

Question 8

Prussian junkers

Answer 8

nobility and landowning classes, the landowning aristocracy of Prussia

Question 9

Russian boyars

Answer 9

members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society, power came from land ownership, Russian noblemen

Question 10

Parlements

Answer 10

courts run by aristocracy, can check the power of the king if they think he is abusing his power

Question 11

Feudal obligations of Serfs-FRANCE

Answer 11

banalties (feudal duties) that the French peasantry was forced to pay, corvees required peasants to periodically work on roads and bridges owned by aristocrats

Question 12

Banalties

Answer 12

feudal duties (France)

Question 13

corvees

Answer 13

required peasants to periodically work on roads and bridges owned by aristocrats (France)

Question 14

Feudal obligations of serfs-PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA

Answer 14

robot was the required work/service the peasants had to do for their feudal lord

Question 15

robot

Answer 15

the required work/service the peasants had to do for their feudal lord (Prussia and Austria)

Question 16

Feudal obligations for serfs-RUSSIA

Answer 16

barshchina was the right of the Russian lords to demand 6 days of work from their serfs

Question 17

barshchina

Answer 17

the right of the Russian lords to demand 6 days of work from their serfs (Russia)

Question 18

Pugachev’s Rebellion

Answer 18

largest serf rebellion, Emelyn Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, all southern Russia was in turmoil until the government brutally suppressed the rebellion

Question 19

Game Laws

Answer 19

not allowed to hunt on certain land if in lower classes

Question 20

Reasoning for Game Laws

Answer 20

nobles believed it would impact the work-out of peasants, city merchants were excluded because the nobles wanted their exclusion to act as a visible sign of their social inferiority to the landed aristocracy

Question 21

Poaching

Answer 21

only people possessing a particular amount of property could hunt these animals (deer, birds, partridges, pheasants, and moor fowl), many rural poor peasants ignored game laws (the believed the game belonged to the community), many poachers turned their hunting into a business as they sold their game for sale

Question 22

Higglers

Answer 22

merchants who operated illegal enterprises by purchasing stolen meat from the countryside and villages

Question 23

Nuclear family

Answer 23

western europe, immediate family (smaller than non-nuclear family)

Question 24

Service industry

Answer 24

son and daughter would leave home and enter the service industry (cook, maid, etc.), did not pay for rent or food, to save money and build dowry

Question 25

Dowry

Answer 25

the money, goods, or estate that a woman brought to her husband or his family in a marriage

Question 26

Family economy

Answer 26

almost impossible to live on your own, death of a father brought disaster, at age 7 young girls had to start taking care of their household

Question 27

Cottage industry

Answer 27

the whole family takes part in making money for the household

Question 28

Old Regime-political aspects

Answer 28

absolute monarchies, mercantilism (dominant economic system), bourgeoisie, aristocrats try to maintain status, 3rd estate, serfs, political absolutism (growing bureaucracies and aristocratically-led armies)

Question 29

Wet-nursing

Answer 29

-common among both poor and wealthy
-most women had too many responsibilities in the household to nurse their own children, and therefore relied on a wet-nurse
-wealthy women wet-nursed for convenience
-wet-nursing industry was well organized and children from the cities were often transported to the country for months, or even a year, to live with their assigned wet-nurse

Question 30

Agricultural Revolution-Netherlands

Answer 30

-bread=very important crop
-agricultural revolution began in Holland, Netherlands
-started here due to shortage of land required to nourish a growing population
-landlords and farmers constructed advanced dikes and methods to drain land
-experimented with new crops like TURNIPS and clover that increased the supply of animal fodder and restored the soil quickly

Question 31

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

Answer 31

-taught farmers how to cultivate sandy soils with the correct combinations of fertilizers
-instituted the practice of “crop rotation” using wheat, barley, turnips, and clover; and there was no longer a need to leave a fallow field

Question 32

Impact of Agricultural Revolution

Answer 32

1. Population explosion in Europe
2. Enclosure movement
3. Migration to cities
4. Emergence of cottage industry
5. Crop prices go down -> could purchase more consumer goods
6. Introduction of new crops

Question 33

Neolocalism

Answer 33

the process of moving away from home (western europe)

Question 34

Josiah Wedgewood

Answer 34

-tries to mass produce tea sets that looked like those of the royal family
-first attempted to find customers among the royal family and the aristocracy to set a trend; after they purchased his products, he made an inexpensive version of the chinaware from the middle-class customers

Question 35

Why did Industrialization take place in England?

Answer 35

-geography (it is an island)
-large supply of coal
-navigable rivers and waterways
-London was the center of the world of fashion and tatse

Question 36

Steam engine-people involved

Answer 36

-Thomas Newcomen (came up with the steam engine)
-James Watt (“perfected” the steam engine)
-Matthew Boulton (wealthy manufacturer, provided metal work needed for Watt’s design)`

Question 37

Table of Ranks

Answer 37

status is based on your service/what you do
(comes to a stop with Catherine the Great)