Chapter 7 Flashcards
From 1700-1800, how much did the European population increase?
from 120 million to 190 million
What aristocracy was the smallest, but most “socially responsible”?
England/British aristocracy
How many families were in the British aristocracy?
400 families
What did England aristocracy do?
began to invest in industrialization, controlled Parliament, owned the best land in England
How many members were there in the French nobility?
400,000
Nobles of the “sword”
those whose nobility was derived from military service
Nobles of the “robe”
those who had acquired their titles either by serving in the bureaucracy or by having purchased them (traditional families)
Prussian junkers
nobility and landowning classes, the landowning aristocracy of Prussia
Russian boyars
members of the highest rank of Russian feudal society, power came from land ownership, Russian noblemen
Parlements
courts run by aristocracy, can check the power of the king if they think he is abusing his power
Feudal obligations of Serfs-FRANCE
banalties (feudal duties) that the French peasantry was forced to pay, corvees required peasants to periodically work on roads and bridges owned by aristocrats
Banalties
feudal duties (France)
corvees
required peasants to periodically work on roads and bridges owned by aristocrats (France)
Feudal obligations of serfs-PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA
robot was the required work/service the peasants had to do for their feudal lord
robot
the required work/service the peasants had to do for their feudal lord (Prussia and Austria)
Feudal obligations for serfs-RUSSIA
barshchina was the right of the Russian lords to demand 6 days of work from their serfs
barshchina
the right of the Russian lords to demand 6 days of work from their serfs (Russia)
Pugachev’s Rebellion
largest serf rebellion, Emelyn Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords, all southern Russia was in turmoil until the government brutally suppressed the rebellion
Game Laws
not allowed to hunt on certain land if in lower classes
Reasoning for Game Laws
nobles believed it would impact the work-out of peasants, city merchants were excluded because the nobles wanted their exclusion to act as a visible sign of their social inferiority to the landed aristocracy
Poaching
only people possessing a particular amount of property could hunt these animals (deer, birds, partridges, pheasants, and moor fowl), many rural poor peasants ignored game laws (the believed the game belonged to the community), many poachers turned their hunting into a business as they sold their game for sale
Higglers
merchants who operated illegal enterprises by purchasing stolen meat from the countryside and villages
Nuclear family
western europe, immediate family (smaller than non-nuclear family)
Service industry
son and daughter would leave home and enter the service industry (cook, maid, etc.), did not pay for rent or food, to save money and build dowry
Dowry
the money, goods, or estate that a woman brought to her husband or his family in a marriage
Family economy
almost impossible to live on your own, death of a father brought disaster, at age 7 young girls had to start taking care of their household
Cottage industry
the whole family takes part in making money for the household
Old Regime-political aspects
absolute monarchies, mercantilism (dominant economic system), bourgeoisie, aristocrats try to maintain status, 3rd estate, serfs, political absolutism (growing bureaucracies and aristocratically-led armies)
Wet-nursing
-common among both poor and wealthy
-most women had too many responsibilities in the household to nurse their own children, and therefore relied on a wet-nurse
-wealthy women wet-nursed for convenience
-wet-nursing industry was well organized and children from the cities were often transported to the country for months, or even a year, to live with their assigned wet-nurse
Agricultural Revolution-Netherlands
-bread=very important crop
-agricultural revolution began in Holland, Netherlands
-started here due to shortage of land required to nourish a growing population
-landlords and farmers constructed advanced dikes and methods to drain land
-experimented with new crops like TURNIPS and clover that increased the supply of animal fodder and restored the soil quickly
Charles “Turnip” Townshend
-taught farmers how to cultivate sandy soils with the correct combinations of fertilizers
-instituted the practice of “crop rotation” using wheat, barley, turnips, and clover; and there was no longer a need to leave a fallow field
Impact of Agricultural Revolution
- Population explosion in Europe
- Enclosure movement
- Migration to cities
- Emergence of cottage industry
- Crop prices go down -> could purchase more consumer goods
- Introduction of new crops
Neolocalism
the process of moving away from home (western europe)
Josiah Wedgewood
-tries to mass produce tea sets that looked like those of the royal family
-first attempted to find customers among the royal family and the aristocracy to set a trend; after they purchased his products, he made an inexpensive version of the chinaware from the middle-class customers
Why did Industrialization take place in England?
-geography (it is an island)
-large supply of coal
-navigable rivers and waterways
-London was the center of the world of fashion and tatse
Steam engine-people involved
-Thomas Newcomen (came up with the steam engine)
-James Watt (“perfected” the steam engine)
-Matthew Boulton (wealthy manufacturer, provided metal work needed for Watt’s design)`
Table of Ranks
status is based on your service/what you do
(comes to a stop with Catherine the Great)
