Chapter 7

Question 1

cell cycle:

Answer 1

life cycle of a cell, which includes the phases G0, G1, S, G2, and M

Question 2

cell membrane:

Answer 2

lipoprotein structure that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment; regulates what can enter and leave a cell

Question 3

cytoplasm:

Answer 3

lies within the cell membrane; contains organelles

Question 4

diffusion:

Answer 4

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a concentration gradient

Question 5

endocytosis:

Answer 5

the process of engulfing substances and moving them into a cell by extending the cell membrane around the substance; pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two kinds of endocytosis.

Question 6

endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 6

fine network of interconnected channels known as cisternae found in the cytoplasm; site of chemical reactions within the cell.

Question 7

exocytosis:

Answer 7

removal of substances from a cell by pushing them through the cell membrane

Question 8

genes:

Answer 8

make up the physical and functional units of heredity; stored in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and control basic cell functions, determine physical appearance, and can play a role in susceptibility to disease and reaction to medication

Question 9

Golgi apparatus:

Answer 9

a series of flattened sacs in the cytoplasm that prepare hormones or other substances for secretion and may produce lysosomes and store other synthesized proteins

Question 10

histocompatibility antigens:

Answer 10

proteins found on the surface of the cell membrane; they are determined by the genetic code and provide cellular identity as a self-cell (i.e., a cell belonging to that individual)

Question 11

lipoprotein:

Answer 11

structure composed of proteins and lipids; the bipolar arrangement of the lipids monitors substances passing in and out of the cell

Question 12

lysosomes:

Answer 12

encapsulated digestive enzymes found within a cell; they digest old or damaged areas of the cell and are responsible for destroying the cell when the membrane ruptures and the cell dies

Question 13

mitochondria:

Answer 13

rod-shaped organelles that produce energy within the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 14

mitosis:

Answer 14

cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; referred to as the M phase in the cell cycle

Question 15

nucleus:

Answer 15

the part of a cell that contains the DNA and genetic material; regulates cellular protein production and cellular properties

Question 16

organelles:

Answer 16

distinct structures found within the cell cytoplasm

Question 17

osmosis:

Answer 17

movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration in an attempt to equalize the concentrations

Question 18

ribosomes:

Answer 18

membranous structures that are the sites of protein production within a cell