Chapter 7

Question 1

Behaviorism

Answer 1

Psychology (1) should be an objective science that
(2) studies behavior without reference to mental
processes.
 Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but
not with (2).

Question 2

Classical conditioning:

Answer 2

Type of learning in
which one learns to link two or more stimuli and
anticipate events

Question 3

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 3

: A stimulus that
unconditionally—naturally and automatically—
triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

Question 4

Conditioned response (CR):

Answer 4

A learned
response to a previously neutral but now
conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS): An originally neutral
stimulus that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a
conditioned response (CR)

Question 6

Unconditioned response (UR): An unlearned,
naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to
an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the
mouth)

Question 7

Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that
unconditionally—naturally and automatically—
triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

Question 8

Acquisition
 Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an
unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus
begins triggering the conditioned response
 In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a
reinforced response

Question 9

igher-order conditioning
 A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one
conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral
stimulus, creating a second (often weaker)
conditioned stimulus
 An animal that has learned that a tone predicts food
might then learn that a light predicts the tone and
begin responding to the light alone.
 Also called second-order conditioning

Question 10

extinction
 Diminishing of a conditioned response
 Occurs in classical conditioning when an
unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a
conditioned stimulus (CS

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery
 Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished
conditioned response

Question 12

Generalization
 Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit
similar responses

Question 13

 Discrimination
 Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned
stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus)
and other irrelevant stimuli

Question 14

Edward L. Thorndike
 Law of effect: Principle that behaviors followed by
favorable consequences become more likely and that
behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences
become less likely

Question 15

B. F. Skinner
 Operant chamber (Skinner box): A chamber
containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate
to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices
record the animal’s rate of bar pressing