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Biology (book 2) > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ‘endosymbiosis’?

A

The theory that prokaryotes entered other cells to become eukaryotes.

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2
Q

How does chloroplasts support the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

- chloroplasts are produced from the division of other chloroplasts seperate from cell division
- they have their own DNA loop
- they have their own 70S ribosomes
- Chloroplasts have similar pigments to photosynthesising prokaryotes i.e. cyanobacteria

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3
Q

Why is photosynthesis important on a global scale?

A

It regulates CO2 and O2 levels.

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4
Q

What are some features of a chloroplast?

A

- double membrane (called chloroplast envelope)
- 2 to 10 um
- outer membrane allows for small molecules and ions to move into the organelle
- inner membrane relies on transport protiens to allow for specific molecule movement

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5
Q

What are the eight main structural elements of a chloroplast.

A

1. Thylakoid
2. Granum
3. Intergranal lamella
4. Chloroplast envelope
5. Starch grain
6. 70S ribosomes
7. Stroma
8. DNA

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6
Q

What is a granum?

A

A stack of thylakoids

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7
Q

What is the intergranal lamella?

A

The structure that links grana together.

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8
Q

What important substances are contained within the thylakoid?

A

Photosynthetic pigments.

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9
Q

Where does the light dependent reactions take place?

A

The thylakoid membranes.

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9
Q

Where does light get trapped in photosynthesis?

A

The reaction centre in the grana.

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10
Q

Where does the light independent reactions take place?

A

In the stroma.

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11
Q

What is the stroma?

A

The gel-like medium that surrounds the components of the stomata.

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12
Q

What are photosystems?

A

The reaction centres that contain the photosynthetic pigments.

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13
Q

What are the main pigments?

A

- chlorophyll a
- chlorophyll b
- carotenes
- xanthrophylls

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14
Q

What do the light harvesting complexes do?

A

Harvest the light energy (photons)

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15
Q

After the light harvesting complexes absorb the energy, where do they pass the energy on to?

A

Reaction centre.

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16
Q

How many types of reaction centres are there?

A

2

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17
Q

What are the different reaction centres called?

A

Photosystem 1 (p700)
Photosystem 2 (p680)

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18
Q

What are the numbers in Phtosystem 1 (p700) and Photosystem 2 (p680) refering to?

A

The maximum wavelength they absorb (nm)

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19
Q

What are the accesory pigments?

A

- chlorophyll b
- carotenes

20
Q

Where is photosystem II found?

A

The inner membranes of the granal stacks.

21
Q

Where is photosystem I found?

A

The outer surface of the grana and the intergranal lamellae.

22
Q

Explain what happens in PSII

A

1. Photons are absorbed by the PSII
2. The photon excites the chlorrphyll releasing an electron.
3. The electrons move along the elecron transport chain and are used to pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane (into the lumen).
4. The photon also splits water by the process of photolysis creating O2 gas, electrons and hydrogen ions

23
Q

What does the PSII and PSI form?

A

Electron transport chain.

24
Q

Explain what happens in PSI

A

1. Photons re-excite the electrons from the PSII.
2. The electron combines with NADP+ to make reduced NADP (NADPH)
3. The electron lost in this reduction reaction is replaced with electrons from photolysis.

25
Q

What is the enzyme ATP synthase used for?

A

The H+ moves through the ATP synthase to the stroma (chemosmosis). As this happens, ADP and phosphates are turned into ATP.

26
Q

What happen differently in cyclic phosphorolation?

A

NADP is not reduced so the electron is not used up. Therefore it can go back to PSII and rejoin the electron transport chain.

27
Q

What is the photolysis equation?

A

2H₂0 —> 4H₊ + 4e₋ + O₂

28
Q

What products from the light dependent reaction is used in the calvin cycle?

A

- ATP
- NADPH
- CO₂

29
Q

What is the first stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

RuBP combindes with CO₂ to create and unstable intermediate 6-carbon molecule.

30
Q

What enzyme facilitates the first stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

RUBISCO.

31
Q

In the Calvin cycle, what happens to the 6-carbon unstable intermediate arfer a few seconds?

A

It breaks up into X2 glycerate 3-phospahte molcules commonly abbrevaited to GP (3-carbon molecule).

32
Q

What are the NADPH and ATP molecules used for in the calvin cycle?

A

The hydrogen in NADPH and the energy and phospate is used to convert GP into TP (X2 triose phospate molecules).

33
Q

What happens to the NADPH and ATP once they are used in the Calvin cycle?

A

The NADPH is re-oxidised (converts) back to NADP and the ATP phosphorolates (converts) back to ADP.

34
Q

What are the two things that can happen to a TP molecule?

A

1. Most TP molecules will turn back into RuBP using ATP.
2. Some molecules of TP go on to make biological molecules like sucrose, starch cellulose, fructose ect…

35
Q

What are the three main factors that affect photosynthesis?

A

- light intensity
- CO₂ concentration
- Temperature

36
Q

What happens in a low light environment?

A

- Less ATP and NADPH are made in the light dependent stage, because the chlorophyll is excited less.
- less glucose can be made as a result in the light independent stage.

37
Q

What happens in a low CO₂ concentration environment?

A

- less glucose can be made in the light independent stage because RuBP molecules will not have anything to react to.

38
Q

What happens in a high CO₂ concentration environment?

A

More glucose can be made until another factor becomes the limiting factor.

39
Q

What happens in a cold environment?

A

Enzyme controlled reactions i.e. RUBISCO will synthesise reactions slowly.

40
Q

What happens in a really warm environment?

A

Enzyme controlled reactions i.e. RUBISCO will start to denature. Protien structure will also be damaged i.e. the chanel protein ATP synthase.

41
Q

In a high light intensity which specific molecules are in a relativly high concentration?

A

RuBP and TP

42
Q

In a high light intensity which specific molecule is in a relativly low concentration?

A

GP

43
Q

In a low light intensity which specific molecules are in a relativly low concentration?

A

RuBP and TP

44
Q

In a low light intensity which specific molecule is in a relativly high concentration?

A

GP

45
Q

In a high CO₂ concentration which specific molecules are in a relativly high concentration?

A

GP and TP

46
Q

In a high CO₂ concentration which specific molecule is in a relativly low concentration?

A

RuBP

47
Q

In a low CO₂ concentration which specific molecule is in a relativly high concentration?

A

RuBP

48
Q

In a low CO₂ concentration which specific molecules are in a relativly low concentration?

A

GP and TP

Biology (book 2) (14 decks)

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