chapter 7

Question 1

draw and describe the fluid mosaic structure of the plasma membrane (Singer and Nicolson)

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Question 2

 Explain the amphipathic nature of phospholipids and the significance of amphipathicity in membrane structure

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Question 3

 Describe the concept of membrane fluidity and melting temperature

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Question 4

 Describe the effect fatty acids and cholesterol have on membrane fluidity

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Question 5

 Describe the structural characteristics of amino acids that contribute to membrane proteins being integral or peripheral

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Question 6

 Describe the functions of membrane proteins

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Question 7

 List the types of substances that cross the cell membrane freely and which do not, and explain why they do or do not

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Question 8

 Compare and contrast three different types of transport proteins (channels, carriers and pumps) in terms of how they function

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Question 9

 Describe the different types of passive transport, active transport, cotransport and bulk transport, including what they can and cannot do and their energy requirements

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Question 10

 Explain the concept of tonicity (osmolarity) and recognize what happens when animal or plant cells are placed in solutions of different osmolarities

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Question 11

 Explain what is meant by an osmotically active solute and describe the impact this concept has on tonicity/osmolarity

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Question 12

 Explain the reasons why cell division is important to unicellular and multicellular organisms

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Question 13

• Chromosome

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Question 14

1• Sister chromatids •



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Question 15

Chromatin

•

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Question 16

Karyotype •

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Question 17

2n and n

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Question 18

Ploidy

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Question 19

Explain the difference between somatic cells and gametes in terms of chromosome number and ploidy

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Question 20

 List the different phases and sub-phases of the cell cycle and explain in general terms what processes are going on in each

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Question 21

 Outline the various stages of mitosis and explain the details of the nuclear, chromosomal and centrosomal events taking place in each

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Question 22

 Describe the molecular composition of the spindle apparatus

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Question 23

 Explain the differences between kinetichore and non-kinetichore microtubules in terms of their functions in mitosis

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Question 24

 Explain the processes of cytokinesis in plant and animal cells, understanding how they differ

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Question 25

 Explain how checkpoints regulate the progression of the cell cycle

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Question 26

 Describe the operation of the G2 checkpoint

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Question 27

 Explain how the various internal and external checkpoint signals serve to regulate cell division

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Question 28

 Explain the different ways in which cancer is a failure of the normal cell cycle control mechanisms

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Question 29

 Outline the extracellular structures surrounding plant and animal cells

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Question 30

 Describe the structure and function of the intercellular junctions between plant cells and between animal cells

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Question 31

 Describe the similarities and differences between local and long distance signalling

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Question 32

 Explain the three different processes involved in cell signalling

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Question 33

 List the different types of cell communication receptor and describe the characteristics of the different ligands that enable them to interact with each type of receptor

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Question 34

 Use the different elements of cell communication vocabulary fluently in sentences Explain what is meant by the term ‘signal transduction’ and outline in general terms how it operates (it is not necessary to learn details of actual signal transduction pathways) 

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Question 35

 Describe what is meant by the terms first and second messengers and list two different types

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Question 36

 Describe how second messengers are produced and how each functions to change cell behaviour

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Question 37

 Explain the different ways that cells may respond to cellular communication messages in order to change their behaviours

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