Chapter 7

Question 1

control the digestive system and other organs

Answer 1

smooth muscles

Question 2

control bodily movement in relation to environment

Answer 2

skeletal or striated muscles

Question 3

controls the heart

Answer 3

cardiac muscles

Question 4

synapse between motor neuron axon and muscle fiber

Answer 4

Neuromuscular junction

Question 5

two opposing muscles commonly found on the arms and legs

Answer 5

antagonistic muscles

Question 6

muscle that flexes the limb

Answer 6

flexor

Question 7

muscle that straightens the limb

Answer 7

extensor

Question 8

slow-twitch fibers that use oxygen during movements

Answer 8

aerobic

Question 9

fast-twitch fibers that do not need oxygen at the time but need oxygen to recover

Answer 9

anaerobic

Question 10

receptors detecting movement of a body part

Answer 10

proprioceptors

Question 11

receptor parallel to muscle responding to stretch

Answer 11

muscle spindle

Question 12

responds to increases in muscle tension or contraction

Answer 12

golgi tendon organs

Question 13

voluntary movements

Answer 13

units of movement

Question 14

responsible for involuntary movement

Answer 14

autonomic nervous system

Question 15

consistent automatic responses to stimuli (ex. stretch reflex, pupil’s response to bright light)

Answer 15

reflexes

Question 16

not all movements are entirely voluntary and involuntary

Answer 16

knee-jerk reflex

Question 17

movements that are guided with feedbacks

Answer 17

Ballistic movement

Question 18

produces rhythmic motor patterns and generates repetitive patterns of motor behavior

Answer 18

central pattern generators (CPG)

Question 19

fixed sequence of movements

Answer 19

motor programs

Question 20

located in the frontal lobe and is important for complex actions such as talking and or writing. It much less control over coughing, sneezing and etc.

Answer 20

cerebral cortex

Question 21

monitors the position of the body relative to the world.

role of selecting appropriate actions

Answer 21

posterior parietal cortex

Question 22

planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements.

Answer 22

supplementary motor cortex

Question 23

most active immediately after a movement

receives information about the target direction of the body movement and the body’s current position and posture.

Answer 23

premotor Cortex

Question 24

stores sensory information relevant to movement.

important for considering the probable outcomes of possible movements

Answer 24

prefrontal cortex

Question 25

Two brain areas sending competing messages, and the outcome depends on whether the stop message arrives in time to cancel the action message.

Answer 25

inhibiting a movement

Question 26

Active during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform a similar movement.

Answer 26

mirror neurons

Question 27

paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.

Answer 27

corticospinal tracts

Question 28

pathway of axons from primary motor cortex and from the red nucleus, a midbrain area that controls certain aspects of movement.

Answer 28

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 29

controls movements in peripheral areas, especially the hands and feet.

Answer 29

pyramidal tract

Question 30

control trunk muscles for postural adjustments and bilateral movement.

Answer 30

medial corticospinal tract

Question 31

a brain area that receives input from the vestibular system.

Answer 31

vestibular nucleus

Question 32

Contributes to many aspects of the brain functioning, especially anything that relates to aim or timing.

Answer 32

cerebellum or the little brain

Question 33

voluntary eye movement

Answer 33

saccades

Question 34

difficult programming angle and distance of eye movements. It also have trouble tapping a rhythm, clapping hands, pointing at a moving object, speaking, writing, typing, or playing a music instruments.

Answer 34

cerebellar damage

Question 35

the components of the cell and their arrangement inside it.

Answer 35

cellular organization

Question 36

surface of cerebellum receiving sensory information.

Answer 36

cerebral cortex

Question 37

flat cells in sequential planes, parallel to one another.

Answer 37

purkinje cells

Question 38

cluster of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum.

Answer 38

nuclei of the cerebellum

Question 39

which in turn send information to the midbrain and thalamus.

Answer 39

vestibular nuclei

Question 40

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain.

Answer 40

basal ganglia

Question 41

Structures part of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 41

caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus

Question 42

caudate nucleus and putamen together

Answer 42

striatum or dorsal striatum