Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Child Development > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities

1
Q

intelligence

A

A set of abilities including the ability
to reason abstractly, the ability to profit
from experience, and the ability to adapt to
varying environmental contexts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the first modern intelligence test

A

Alfred Binet, Theodore Simon

1905

identify children who might have difficulty in school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stanford-Binet

A

The best known US intelligence test. It was written by Lewis Terman and associates at STanford University and based on first tests by Binet and Simon.

Begins with set of tests for the age below his actual age then continues to move up until he can no longer perform tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intelligence quotient

A

Originally
defined in terms of a child’s mental age and
chronological age, IQ is now computed by
comparing a child’s performance with that of
other children of the same chronological age.

100 is still defined as average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mental age

A

Term used by Binet and
Simon and Terman in the early calculation
of IQ scores to refer to the age level of
IQ test items a child could successfully
answer. Used in combination with the child’s
chronological age to calculate an IQ score.

Mental Age/Chronological Age * 100 = IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False. A secular trend has developed in which IQ scores are decreasing.

A

False. Increasing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the Flynn effect explain the secular trend in rising IQ scores?

A

improvement in health and nutrition

improvement in physical environment

increased preschool attendance

more “testwise”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What intelligence tests are used today and how do they differ from earlier tests?

A

current revisions of the Stanford-Binet
Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC)

WISC-IV

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Standardized achievement tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WPPSI-III

A

WPPSI-III The third revision of the Wechsler
Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

Ages 2.5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WISC-IV

A

WISC-IV The most recent revision of the
Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children,
a well-known IQ test developed in the
United States that includes both verbal and
performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Ages 6-16

Most often used in schools to diagnose children’s learning problems.

Consists of 15 different tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

verbal comprehension index

A

Tests on the WISC-IV that tap verbal skills such
as knowledge of vocabulary and general
information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

perceptual reasoning index

A

Tests on
the WISC-IV, such as block design and
picture completion, that tap nonverbal
visual-processing abilities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

processing speed index

A

Timed tests on
the WISC-IV, such as symbol search, that
measure how rapidly an examinee processes
information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

working memory index

A

Tests on the
WISC-IV, such as digit span, that measure
working memory efficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

full scale IQ

A

The WISC-IV score that takes

into account verbal and nonverbal scale scores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

A

The best-known and most widely used test
of infant “intelligence.”

sets of items of increasing difficulty

measures primarily sensory and motor skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

achievement test

A

Test designed to
assess a child’s learning of speciic material
taught in school, such as spelling or
arithmetic computation; in the United States,
achievement tests are typically given to all
children in designated grades.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is an achievement test different from and IQ test?

A

An IQ test is intended to reveal something about how well a child can think and learn, while an achievement test tells something about what a child had already learned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

competence

A

A person’s basic, underlying
level of skill, displayed under ideal
circumstances. It is not possible to measure
competence directly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

performance

A

The behavior shown by
a person under real-life rather than ideal
circumstances. Even when researchers are
interested in competence, all they can ever
measure is performance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

True or False. One of the bits of folklore about IQ tests is that a particular IQ score is something you “have” like blue eyes or red hair.

A

True

22
Q

How stable are IQ scores throughout childhood and adolescence?

A

The older the child, the more stable the IQ score becomes.

OLder children my show some fluctuation in scores in response to major stresses such as parental divorce, change in schools, birth of a sibling.

By age 10 or 12, IQ scores are normally quite stable.

Still, individual children can and do shift in response to especially rich or impoverished environements and stress.

23
Q

reliability

A

The stability of a test score over

multiple testing sessions.

24
Q

True or False. The correlation between a child’s IQ test score and grades in school typically falls close to 1.00.

A

False. between .45 and .60 - strong but not perfect

25
Q

validity

A

The degree to which a test

measures what it is intended to measure.

26
Q

What do IQ scores predict?

A

IQ test scores are quite good predictors of school performance and years of education, a correlation that gives one piece of evidence for the validity of the tests. An important limitation of IQ tests is that they do not measure many other facets of intellectual functioning that might be of interest.

27
Q

What do twin and adoption studies suggest about the effects of heredity and environment on IQ?

A

Studies of identical twins and of adopted children clearly show a substantial genetic influence on measured IQ scores. These studies also show that environment contributes to IQ scores.

Identical twins are more similar in IQ than fraternal.

Adopted children are closer to biological than adopted parents.

Correlations arise fro genes that affect the distribution of gray matter in the frontal lobes.

28
Q

Which study highlights the role of environment in IQ?

A

The importance of environment is further highlighted by studies involving virtual twins (children of the same age adopted and raised as twins).

The IQ scores of virtual twins are more strongly correlated than those of biological siblings raised in separate homes.

Children adopted by middle class families typically score 10 to 15 points higher than their birth mothers.

29
Q

True or False. Children reared in upper-class homes had IQ scores that were about 11 points higher than those of children reared in lower-class families, regardless of the social class or education of the birth parents.

A

True

30
Q

shared environment

A

Characteristics of a family that affect all children in the household.

31
Q

cumulative effect

A

Any difference between groups in IQ or achievement test scores that becomes larger over time.

32
Q

How do shared and nonshared family characteristics affect IQ scores?

A 
Poor children consistently score lower on IQ tests than do children from middle-class families; children whose families provide appropriate play materials and encourage intellectual development score higher on IQ tests. Children in large families may be subject to a dilution of family resources that produces successively lower IQ scores in each 
child.
33
Q

What protective factors help protect children from the risks associated with poverty?

A

Interesting and complex physical environment

Play materials appropriate for age and development

Emotionally responsive parents

Parents who talk to their children often.

Zone of proximal development

Parents who expect children to do well.

34
Q

nonshared environment

A

Characteristics of a family that affect one child but not others in the household.

35
Q

In what ways do early interventions affect IQ scores and school performance?

A

Environmental influence is shown by increases in test performance or school success among children who have been in enriched preschool or infant-care programs. Children who participate in these programs are also less likely to require special education services and more likely to graduate from high school.

36
Q

reaction range

A

Term used by some
psychologists for the range of possible
outcomes (phenotypes) for some variable,
given basic genetic patterning (the
genotype). In the case of IQ scores, the
reaction range is estimated at 20 to
25 points.

37
Q

What ideas have theorists proposed to explain ethnic group differences in IQ scores?

A

A consistent difference in IQ scores of about 10 to 12 points is found between African American and Caucasian children in the United States. It seems most likely that this difference is due to environmental and cultural differences
between the two groups, such as differences in health and prenatal care and in the type of intellectual skills taught and emphasized at home.

Asian American, who score better on math tests, emphasize academic achievement more than African American or White familes. They prioritize their time differently with family and school taking precedence over social activities.

38
Q

True or False. Studies suggest that low-income children’s cognitive test scores increase as computers and broadband internet services become more prevalent in their neighborhoods.

A

False.

39
Q

stereotype threat

A

a subtle sense of pressure members of a particular group feel when they are attempting to perform well in an area in which their group is characterized by a negative stereotype

40
Q

How do males and females differ with respect to IQ and achievement test performance?

A

Males and females do not differ on overall IQ test scores, but they do differ in some subskills. The largest differences are on measures of spatial reasoning, on which males are consistently better.

41
Q

How do information-processing theorists explain individual differences in IQ scores?

A

Information-processing theory provides developmentalists with an alternative approach to explaining individual differences in intelligence. Higher-IQ individuals, for example, appear to process information more quickly and to
apply various strategies or knowledge more broadly.

helps identify children with mental retardation very early

identify specific kinds of training useful for a child with these problems.

42
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

A theory advanced by Robert Sternberg, proposing
the existence of three types of intelligence:
analytical, creative, and practical.

43
Q

analytical intelligence

A

One of three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence; the type of intelligence typically measured on IQ tests, including the ability to plan, remember facts, and organize information.

44
Q

creative intelligence

A

One of three types of intelligence described by Sternberg in his triarchic theory of intelligence; includes insightfulness and the ability to see new
relationships among events or experiences.

45
Q

practical intelligence

A

One of three types of intelligence in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence; often called “street smarts,” this type of intelligence includes skill in
applying information to the real world or
solving practical problems.

46
Q

True or False. In the world beyond the school walls, analytical intelligence may be required as much as or more the others.

A

False. Creative or practical intelligence is more useful.

47
Q

multiple intelligences

A

intelligences Eight types of
intelligence (linguistic, logical/mathematical,
spatial, bodily kinesthetic, musical,
interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic)
proposed by Howard Gardner.

Leroy Learns Songs By Making Interesting Noises

48
Q

True or False. In recent years, Gardner
has proposed that a ninth type of intelligence, one that he calls existential intelligence,
deals with the spiritual realm and enables us to contemplate the meaning of life.

A

True

49
Q

creativity

A

The ability to produce original,
appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or
solutions to problems.

50
Q

divergent thinking

A

The ability to produce multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answer.

51
Q

Torrence Tests of Creative Thinking

A

Frank Flies Over Europe

Fluency

Flexibility

Originality

Elaboration

Child Development (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions