Chapter 7

Question 1

Cell Theory

Answer 1

o Few Major components
 1 – all organisms consist of cells
 2- cells are the smallest living things
 3 – cells only arise from pre-existing cells
* Means we can trace back to origins of life

Question 2

2 General Classes of Cells

Answer 2

o Prokaryotes: 2 Domains(highest hierarchy**), Bacteria, Archaea

Eukaryotes: domain eukarya

VIEW IMAGES

Question 3

4 common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 3

Cytoplasm: Cytosol: organelles; gel-like substance in cytoplasm

Nucleus or nucleoid: place where we house DNA or heritable material

Ribosomes: makes proteins

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 4

Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Rigid cell wall: helps maintain shape and protect the cell; Made up of peptidoglycan or type of carbohydrate that creates itself outside the membrane

Lack of nucleus: nucleoid region that holds DNA and ribosomes

Simple organization: no organelles/sub compartments; Have ribosomes though

Eukaryotes

Nucleus: for DNA storage

Compartmentalization: endomembrane system; Organelles that are subdivided by different pieces of plasma membrane, but also interlock with each other; Leads to discrete, orderly processes in eukaryotic organisms; Basically all separate places for separate functions

NOT BAG OF MARBLES

Question 5

Animal Cell Items

Answer 5

nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endomembrane system, chromosomes, RER, SER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Question 6

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 6

double lipid bilayer, INSIDE THE NUCLEUS; bilayer continuous and joins with the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

stores genetic information(info needed to make proteins and is inherited from one generation to the next; DNA!)
* Many nuclear pores around nucleus; mRNA, ions, and macromolecules can pass through(BUT NOT DNA)

Question 8

Nucleolus

Answer 8

INSIDE nucleus; synthesize rRNA here for ribosomes
o Rest of nucleus is chromatids with various concentrations(it is DNA in relaxed/normal state)

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

manufacture proteins using information from mRNA
 In cytosol and found on Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

Endomembrane system

Answer 10

find proteins being made here, made of interlocking membranes

Question 11

RER

Answer 11

• Can view bumps that are ribosomes making proteins
• Lumen structure: empty hollow space
• Closer to nucleus

Question 12

SER

Answer 12

• Farther from nucleus
• Bubbly appearance
• Steroid proteins made here
• Can be in structures to detoxify certain substances
  o Example: many SER in liver cells to break down material
• Can be storage sight for calcium!!

Question 13

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 13

has cis/trans face
 Cis face receives proteins
 Trans face sends proteins on their way
 Collects proteins, glycates proteins, modifies proteins(cut/trim, joined with other proteins, packs proteins into vesicles)

Question 14

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

Answer 14

 Lysosomes: contain enzymes(that work best in acidic environments; made to break things down!)
 Peroxisomes: digestion of lipids specifically!(Lipid peroxidation)
* Peroxide

Question 15

PROCESS OF MAKING PROTEIN IMPORTANT FOR EXAM

Answer 15

o BIG PICTURE STUFF
o mRNA and ribosome together can bump into RER structure specifically
o when ribosomes joins ER, ribosome will start manufacturing protein, will inject protein into ER
o protein folds up in ER; have “tags” so they know where they have to be sent from ER; whole vesicle will move in the cell to the golgi apparatus
 golgi apparatus will have protein move through chambers of it and “modified” to direct where it goes next
 then it will complete protein
 then protein will move to plasma membrane and lets protein go to outside world or become part of membrane

IMAGE ON SLIDE AND ON PHONE

Question 16

Cellular Generators

Answer 16

Chloroplast(Plant cell), Mitochondira(Animal cell)

Similarities/differences between two: Multiple membrane = multiple compartments; Membrane bound structures within them

Functionality
* OPPOSITES
* Chloroplast make carbohydrates
* Mitochondria: breaks carbohydrates
o Makes ATP?

Other
* Have their own DNA

Question 17

Plant Cell differences

Answer 17

has specialized vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall.

Question 18

Vacuole

Answer 18

red shape filled with water; stores proteins and waste

Question 19

Chloroplasts

Answer 19

green/produce carbohydrates via photosynthesis (energy from sun, etc.)

 Two membranes(split up where chemical reactions occur)
 All the fun structures are embedded in the membranes
 Own set of “DNA” to place carbion dioxide into carbohydrates to form chemical bonds

Question 20

Cell Wall

Answer 20

rigid structure that gives shape and protection; made of carbohydrates, like cellulose

Question 21

Cellular generator of plant cell

Answer 21

Mitochondria: power house of cell lol, provide ATP(enery)

 Two membranes(inner and outer)
 Two compartments divide up chemical reactions of mitochondria
* Break down carbohydrates and other substances

Question 22

Endosymbiosis Theory

Answer 22

o Postulates modern eukaryotes come from a symbiotic relationship between microorganisms
o Thought that protobacterium and cyanobacterium who provide structures to create energy and took up larger forms
 By doing so, grew relationship with larger organism
 Grain protection in return

Question 23

Cytoskeleton

Answer 23

various proteins that have many functions, like actin filaments/microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 24

Actin filaments/microfilaments

Answer 24

Smallest, Two coiled strands of actin filaments, Subunits are actin

Major things its does
o Up against cell membrane on inside; provide structural stability and movement
o Move cell via muscle contraction or cell crawling
o Used by animal cells in cytokinesis
o Moves organelles around cytoplasm(plants, fungi, animals)

Question 25

Intermediate filaments

Answer 25

• Protein keratin
• Fibers wound into thicker cables
• Provide cell with their shape; can anchor them in place
  o Anchor nucleus and some other organelles

Question 26

Microtubules

Answer 26

Biggest protein, Made up of dimer(two); made up of alpha and beta tubulin

Functions
o Move chromosomes around in cell division
o Cytokinesis in plant cells
o Aid pathway in intracellular transport
* LEAST STABLE
o So they can be broken down and remade in many ways many times in cell life

VIEW IMAGE PAGE 41

Question 27

How does cytoskeleton help with movement of materials?

Answer 27

Four components to move materials along microtubules

• A vesicle/organelle
• A motor protein – kinesin, dynein, etc.
• ATP
• Microtubules

Motor protein moving material along a microtubule pathway

Actin and myosin: Cytoplasmic screening ; Myosin head attaches to actin and moves actin, slides the filament

• Cilia and flagella are also base don microtubules
  o Repurposing existing structures for new uses is a theme in biology
  o Point: new functions in biology take what is already there and repurpose it, not create something out of thin air