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Biochem > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates act as an _____ source, a structural component of ______ and exoskeletons, and act as informational molecules in ______ signaling

A

Energy
Cell walls
Cell to cell

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2
Q

Carbohydrates can bond with ____ and ____

A

Proteins and lipids

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3
Q

An aldose contains an ____ while a ketose contains a _____

A

Aldehyde
Ketone

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4
Q

A molecule with n chiral centers has ____ stereoisomers

A

2^n

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5
Q

When the hydroxyl group is on the right, it’s a __ sugar, and an __ sugar when the hydroxyl is on the left, and this designation is made from the last chiral carbon in the chain

A

D –> right

L–> left

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6
Q

What is an epimer?

A

Two molecules with the same formula, but that differ at an asymmetrical carbon

They are under the branch of isomers and diastereomers

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7
Q

What is an anomer?

A

Isomers (have the same molecular formula) that differ in their configuration around the anomeric carbon
ex: alpha and beta Glucose

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8
Q

In the beta configuration, the anomeric OH is on the ____ side of the CH2OH

A

Same

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9
Q

In the alpha configuration, the anomeric OH is on the ____ side of the CH2OH

A

Opposite

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10
Q

How can you identify the anomeric carbon?

A

It’s the one to the right of the oxygen in the ring

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11
Q

A pyran represents a sugar with ___ atoms, while a furan represents a sugar with __ atoms

A

6

5 (Furan –> Five)

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12
Q

What is the difference between a hemiacetal and a hemiketal?

A

A hemiacetal is formed when an alcohol reacts with an aldehyde, and a hemiketal is formed when an alcohol reacts with a ketone

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13
Q

What is mutarotation and what must the ring do before this can occur?

A

Mutarotation occurs when the ring shifts back and forth between its alpha and beta forms. This requires the ring to open first

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14
Q

If the OH groups point to the left in the Fischer projection, it will point __ in the Haworth projection, and if the OH points right in the Fischer projection, it will point ___ in the Haworth projection

A

Up

Down

(This refers to all the OH groups on the Fischer projection)

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15
Q

In a ring, the bulky groups prefer to be ____ to prevent steric hinderance

A

Equitorial

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16
Q

An aldonic acid is created when the ___ carbon is oxidated to a carboxyl group and makes the corresponding carboxylic acid

A

C1

17
Q

An uronic acid is created when the _____ carbon is oxidation to a carboxyl group and makes the corresponding carboxylic acid

A

Terminal

18
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A bond formed between the anomeric carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of another that makes an acetal.

R-O-R

19
Q

Why can oxidation not occur if the anomeric carbon is involved in a glycosidic bond?

A

The anomeric carbon has to be free, otherwise nothing can be attached to it. Since the anomeric carbon is involved in the glycosidic bond, it cannot take part in another reaction if it is already bonded to another carbohydrate

20
Q

The free end of a saccharide chain is called the _____ because it can participate in reactions, unlike the sugars involved in the glycosidic bond

A

Reducing end

21
Q

Why can more energy be derived from amylopectin than amylose?

A

Amylopectin is a branched starch with multiple non-reducing ends for enzymes to find. Amylose is a single strand with only one non-reducing end, so it is much harder and much less efficient as an energy source when the enzymes find it

22
Q

Glucose polymers are ____ soluble when branching is limited, because an open structure provides greater access to water

A

More

23
Q

____ is the main storage polysaccharide in animal cells

A

Glycogen

24
Q

How is Glycogen similar to amylopectin and how is it different?

A

Both are alpha (1-4) chains with (1-6) branchs, but the branch point in amylopectin occur every 24-30 residues, while the branchs in glycogen occur every 8-12 residues

25
Q

Amylopectin and glycogen form tightly coiled ____ in solution and are highly hydrated

A

helices

26
Q

Why are glucose molecules stored as polymers and not monomers?

A

The concentration would be too high if they were stored as monomers, which would cause the cells to burst. Therefore, they have to be stored as polymers to reduce the concentration

27
Q

How does chitin differ from cellulose?

A

Chitin replaces the OH on carbon 2 with an acetylated amino group

28
Q

What is special about the structure of cellulose?

A

The sugars are flipped, and their h-bonds create rope-like structures that make cellulose flexible and durable for building within the body

29
Q

What are the general roles of the glycosaminoglycans?

A

They are often found with connective tissues and are good for lubricating joints, especially hyaluronate chondroitin

30
Q

What is the issue with biofilms and what are they made of?

A

They’re made of highly hydrated polysaccharides that form a coating on medical devices, which provide a barrier against antimicrobial agents. This means it’s very difficult to properly sterilize something against them

31
Q

What are the three glycoconjugates?

A

Proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids

32
Q

_____ are useful to organize and provide strength to tissues and things like teeth

A

Proteoglycans

33
Q

____ are vital to protecting the immune system, help white blood cells navigate the body, and create mucus to trap contaminates and keep the body healthy

A

Glycoproteins

34
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

This reaction occurs when a carbohydrate bonds with the hydroxyl (or other functional group) of another molecule in order to form a glycoconjugate. This affects protein activity and circulatory lifetime

35
Q

What is the Sugar Code?

A

The discovery that oligosaccharides are able to encode important information, and can combine in more ways than proteins or nucleic acids. The “code” can be translated by proteins that interact with sugars

36
Q

_____ are proteins that bind specifically and with high affinity to carbohydrates, and are involved with cell-cell recognition and adhesion (ex: immune response, recognizing viral infections and toxins)

A

Lectins

Biochem (12 decks)

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