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BIOL 1000 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

All life forms have:

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Nucleic acids
  3. Carbohydrates
  4. Plasma mem.
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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures of protein and dna

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3
Q

Plasmid

A

Super coiled dna structures

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Manufacture proteins

Contain RNA and proteins

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Mem. bound compartment inside cell that contains enzymes

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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Protein filaments - maintain cell shape

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7
Q

Plasma mem.

A

Phospholipid bilayer

inside holds all cell contents - excluding nucleus

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8
Q

Bacterial structure component

A

peptidoglycan
some outer mem of glycolipids

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9
Q

Flagellum

A

Used for swimming (movement)

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10
Q

Fimbriae

A

Used for adhering

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cells divided into

A

cytosol

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid between plasma mem and organelles

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13
Q

Compartment advantages

A
  1. surface provides location for mem. proteins
  2. chemical rxn separated
  3. efficient chemical rxn
  4. molecule transport within cells
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14
Q

Nucleus

A

contains chromosomes

enclosed by nuclear envelope

admin centre

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

RNA molecule in ribosome are
manufactured

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Manufacture proteins

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Rectilum

A

portion of nuclear envelope

extends into cytoplasm to form mem. enclosed factory

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18
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes attached to mem.

synthesis of proteins to function in ER or export to diff. destination

interior sac (lumen)

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes

makes mem. lipids

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20
Q

Lumen

A

where proteins undergo folding and processing in RER

21
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Proteins from RER pass cis –> trans

consists of stacks of mem. sacs called cisternae

22
Q

Cis

A

Facing nucleus

receives RER products (cargo)

23
Q

Trans

A

Facing plasma mem.

ships cargo

24
Q

Cisternae

A

Stacked mem. sacs in Golgi Apparatus

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Recycling centre

hydrolyzes macromolecules

26
Q

Acid Hydrolase

A

Digestive enzyme in lysosomes

27
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Centre for producing, processing, and transporting proteins + lipids

eg) synthesized in ER, processed in Golgi, shipped to Lysosome

28
Q

Vacuoles

A

Contain hydrolase

storage depots

29
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Globular organelle

single mem.

originates as vesicle from ER

site for redox rxn

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

divides independently

primarily responsible for supplying ATP

2 mem.

31
Q

Cristae

A

inner mem. sac within mitochondria

has folds to increase surface area

32
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

solution enclosed in mitochondria’s inner mem.

33
Q

Chloroplasts

A

convert light to energy

2 mem.

divides independently

gains 3rd mem.

34
Q

Thylakoid

A

independent network of sac structures
chloroplast’s 3rd mem.

35
Q

Stroma

A

region between thylakoid and inner mem. of chloroplasts

36
Q

Grana

A

name of thylakoid stacks

37
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplast were engulfed by ancestors and formed a symbiotic relationship

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

protein fibres give cell shape and structural support

involved in moving materials within itself and the cell

organizes all organelles and cellular structures into a cohesive whole

39
Q

Cell wall

A

located outside plasma mem.

structural support

rods/fibres composed of carbohydrates run through a stiff matrix made of polysaccarides + proteins

40
Q

Differential centrifugation

A

isolate particular cell components and analyze chemical composition

breaking cells apart to create a complex mix + separating parts in a centrifuge

41
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

separates nucleus from rest of cell

perforated with pore openings formed by the nuclear pore complex

structure supported by fibrous nuclear lamina

42
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

extends through inner and outer mem. connecting the inside of nucleus with cytosol

43
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

Exchange of information between nucleus and cytoplasm

serves as a gate to control passage through the nuclear envelope

44
Q

Nucleoplasmin

A

strictly found in nucleus

composed of 5 identical polypeptide subunits each with an amino-acid sequence found at the N-terminus (core) and C-terminus (tail)

a 17 amino-acid chain had to be present to direct nucleoplasmin to the nucleus

45
Q

17 Amino-acid chain

A

Nuclear localization sequence (NLS)

46
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Pulse-chase

proteins are trafficked through secretory pathways in a highly organized + directed manner

1) proteins enter ER
synthesized by ribosome + processed, one carbohydrate is often added
2) protein exits ER
inside vesicle
3) protein enters Golgi (cis)
processed
4) protein exits Golgi (trans)
in vesicle to plasma mem.
5) protein secreted from cell

47
Q

Synthesis of proteins

A

synthesis of proteins to be secreted or embedded in mem. starts in ribosome thats free in cytosol

48
Q

ER signal sequence

A

moves growing protein + associated ribosome to RER

typically present in 1st 20 amino-acid and is removed after protein synthesis

49
Q

ER signal sequence steps

A

1) protein synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol
ribosome synthesizes ER signal sequence, using info mRNA carries
2) signal sequence binds to signal recognition particle (SRP) - complex of RNA + protein
attached SRP causes PS to stop
3) ribosome + signal sequence + SRP moves through RER mem.
attaches to SRP receptor
4) once receptor + SRP connect, SRP is released and PS continues through a channel called Translocon
5) growing protein is then fed into ER lumen and ER sequence is removed

BIOL 1000 (2 decks)

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