chapter 7 Flashcards
Ankylosing Spondylitis:
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening (anylosis)
of joints, primarily of the spine and hip
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome:
Compression of the median nerve as it passes between
the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid
• Also called gout
Muscular Dystrophy:
An inherited disorder characterized by progressive
weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers
Osteoporosis:
Decrease in bone density with thinning and weakening
of bone
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
Chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling and
stiffening, especially in the small joints of the hands and
feet.
Antinuclear antibody (ANA):
A sample of serum is tested for the presence of antibodies found in patients with
systemic lupus erythematosus
Arthrocentesis:
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint
• Calcium:
• A sample of serum or plasma used to measure the amount of calcium a patient’s body.
This test is used to evaluate bone diseases.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Measures the rate red blood cells (RBCs) fall to the bottom of the test tube. High
sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory diseases such as RA
• Muscle biopsy:
Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
• Uric Acid:
Measures amount of uric acid in the blood. High levels of gout are associated with gouty
arthritis
Arthrography
X-ray imaging of a joint
Arthroscopy:
Visual examination of a joint with a arthroscope
Bone Density Test:
Low-energy x-rays are sued to image bone in the
spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to detect areas of
bone deficiency
Bone Scan:
Procedure in which a radioactive substance is
injected intravenously and its uptake in bones is
measured with a special scanning device
Electromyography (EMG):
Recording of the strength of muscle contraction as
a result of electrical stimulation
ACL:
Anterior cruciate ligament
C1-C7:
Cervical vertebrae
Ca:
Calcium
IM:
Intramuscular
L1-L5:
Lumbar vertebrae
NSAID:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (prescribed to
treat joint disorders)
Ortho:
Orthopedics
PT:
Physical therapy
ROM:
range of movement
T1-T12
Thoracic vertebrae
Alopecia:
Absence of hair from areas where it normally grows;
baldness
Cataract:
Clouding (opacity) of the lens of the eye, causing
impairment of vision or blindness
Conjunctivitis:
Inflammation of the conjuctiva
Glaucoma:
Increase in pressure (fluid accumulation) within the
chamber at the front of the eye
Melanoma:
Malignant tumour of pigmented cells that arises from a
nevus (mole) in the skin
Nevus:
• Pigmented lesion in or on that skin; a mole
Sty (stye):
A pus-filled (purulent) infection of glands near the
eyelid (most often caused by bacteria). Also called
hordeolum
Tinnitus:
Abnormal noise (ringing, buzzing, roaring) sound in the ears
Allergy test:
Allergy causing substances are placed on a patient’s
skin and reactions are recorded/noted
Bacterial and fungal tests
• Samples from skin lesions are taken to determine the
presence of bacterial infection or fungal growth
Skin biopsy:
Skin lesions are removed and sent to the pathology
lab for microscopic examination
Fluorescein Angiography:
Fluorescein (a contrast substance) is injected intravenously and the
movement of blood is observed by ophthalmoscopy.
• Used to detect diabetic or hypertensive retinopathy and also
degeneration of the macular (central) area of the retina
Ophthalmoscopy:
Visual examination of the interior of the eye
Otoscopy:
Visual examination of the ear (to the eardrum)
Slit-Lamp Microscopy
Anterior eye structures microscopically examined with a slit-lamp
instrument
Tuning Fork Tests:
• Tuning fork (creates a vibration) is placed in the front of the opening to
the ear to the test air conduction of sound waves.
• It is also placed on the mastoid bone behind the ear to test bone
conduction of sound waves
AD
Right ear (auris dexter)
AS:
Left ear (auris sinister)
ENT:
Ears, nose, throat
HEENT:
Head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
OD:
Right eye (oculus dexter)
OS:
Left eye (oculus sinister)
PERRLA:
Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and
Accommodation
VA
: Visual acuity (clarity of vision)
VF
Visual field
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion
from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after
puberty
Cushing Syndrome:
• A group of clinical features produced by excess secretion
of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Signs and symptoms
include obesity, moon-like faces (fullness of the face),
hyper glycemia, osteoporosis
Diabetes Mellitus:
Disorder of the pancreas that causes increased blood
sugar levels. Type 1 is insulin dependent diabetes, Type 2
is non-insulin dependent diabetes
Goiter:
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism:
Over activity of the thyroid gland; also called
Graves disease or exophthalmic (eye balls bulge
outward) goiter
Fasting Blood Sugar:
Measurement of glucose levels in a blood sample after
a patient has been fasting for 10-12 hours
Serum and Urine Tests
Measurements of hormones, electrolytes (Na,K,HCO3,
Cl) , and glucose levels in the blood (serum) and urine
as indicators of endocrine function
Thyroid Function Tests:
Measurements of levels of T4 (thyroxine) and T3
(triiodothyronine) and TSH (thyroid-stimulating
hormone) in the blood stream
• CT Scan:
Of pituitary gland and other endocrine organs
Exophthalmometry:
Measurement of eyeball protrusion as an
indicator of Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)
MRI:
Of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Radioactive Iodine Uptake
The uptake of radioactive iodine, give by mouth
measured as evidence of thyroid function.
Thyroid Scan:
Procedure in which a radioactive compound,
injected intravenously localizes in the thyroid
gland. A scanning device produces an image
showing the presence of tumours or nodules in
the gland
GH:
Growth hormone (secreted by the pituitary gland)
GTT
Glucose tolerance test (measures the ability to
respond to a glucose load; test for diabetes mellitus)
K+:
Potassium (an electrolyte)
Na+:
Sodium (an electrolyte
T3:
Triiodothyronine (hormone from the thyroid gland
T4
Thyroxine (hormone from the thyroid gland)
