Chapter 7 Flashcards
Diffusion (7.1)
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to one of lower concentration
Receptors (7.1/7.3)
Cells that receive stimuli and pass it onto the modulator
What are the chemical processes that maintain life? (7.1)
Metabolism
What is the reaction that releases energy from glucose? (7.1)
Cellular Respiration
What is the name of the reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules? (7.1)
Anabolic Reaction
(7.1) Carbohydrates are broken down by the body into:
Glucose
(7.1) Protein is broken down by the body into:
Amino Acids
(7.1) Lipids are broken down by the body into:
Fatty Acids, Glycerol
Why do complex molecules need to be broken down into simpler molecules to be digested? (7.1)
The molecules become thin enough to be absorbed and to fit through the villi lining in your small intestine.
How does villi make the small intestine more effective? (7.1)
Because of how small they are, it means that diffusion paths are limited, increasing surface area.
How thick is a villus? (villi singular) (7.1)
1 cell thick (4-10µm)
What does PNS stand for? (7.2)
Peripheral Nervous System.
What does the PNS do? (7.2)
• Carries sensory information (except visual information)
• Carries motor commands to voluntary muscles.
What is the layer of insulation surrounding nerves called? (7.2)
Myelin
What does CNS stand for? (7.2)
Central Nervous System
What is the space between neurons called? (7.2)
Synapse
What are the two parts of the CNS? (7.2)
The brain and the spinal cord.
What does the CNS do? (7.2)
It controls most body functions, e.g. 5 senses.
What type of activity does the right side of the brain have control over? (7.2)
Attention, Shape/Pattern Processing & Emotions.
How does a reflex work? (7.2)
A reflex action bypasses the brain and goes directly to a nervous pathway called the reflex arc.
Stimulus Response Model (7.2) (Reveal Answer)
diagram here of picking up a glass of water: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/stimulus-response_med.jpeg
Reflex Arc Model (7.2) (Reveal Answer)
diagram here: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/reflex-pathway_med.jpeg
Stimulus (7.2)
Something that evokes a functional reaction.
Modulator (7.2)
The organ that receives the sensory information from the receptor. and passes it onto the effector.
Effector (7.3)
The organ that recieves the modulator’s instructions.
Sensory Neuron (7.2)
Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input.
Motor Neuron
Neurons that execute motor commands.
Why is severe damage to the neck often fatal? (7.2)
Because it can partially, if not totally, sever the connection between the other organs and the brain via the spinal cord
Endocrine System (7.3)
A system in charge of internal temperature regulation. (literally a thermostat)
Hormone (7.3)
Chemical substances that act as messengers in the body.
What are hormones produced by? (7.3)
Endocrine Glands.
Endothermic (7.3)
An animal capable of internal heat generation.
Which term describes an animal that can’t keep a constant internal temperature?
Exothermic; cold-blooded.
What are the type of cells that respond to hormones? (7.3)
Target cells
(7.3) The process of maintaining a constant body temperature is:
Thermoregulation.
What’s the actual name of the ‘master gland’? (7.3)
Pituary gland.
Pituary Gland (7.3)
Produces and releases several hormones that carry out functions like Metabolism and Growth.
Which 3 functions in your body are regulated by hormones? (7.3)
Growth, repair and reproduction.
What is the relationship between hormones and the endocrine system? (7.3)
The endocrine system regulates how much of each homone is released.
Homeostasis (7.3)
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining stable body conditions necessary for survival.
Hypothalamus (7.3)
Keeps your body in a stable state called homeostasis, and manages hormones.
Why can the hypothalamus be thought of as part of both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
Because it bridges the both of them together.
Why is sweating an efficient way to lose heat?
Becuase as the sweat evaporates, it evaporates with your surface heat.
What are two involuntary reactions that keep your body temperature constant?
Sweating and Shivering.
Which involuntary reaction prevents your body temperature from falling?
Shivering
Explain why cellular respiration is vital? (7.1)
Becuase with the energy released, It can be used for many other metabolic processes.
Cellular Respiration Word Equation
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
Where does cellular respiration take place? (7.1)
The mitochondria.
Somatic Reactions
A voluntary action, e.g. casually walking
Autonomic Reactions
Involuntary actions, e.g. breathing.
