Chapter 7 Flashcards
The process of acquiring information and transferring it to LTM
Encoding
Rehearsing information without considering the meaning or connections with other information
Maintenance Rehearsal
Rehearsing information by considering the meaning or making connections to other information
Elaborative Rehearsal
Memory depends on the _____ that an item receives
depth of processing
Processing that involves little attention to meaning
Shallow Processing
Processing that involves close attention and elaborative rehearsal that focuses on item’s meaning and its relationship to something else
Deep processing
Generating images in your head to connect words visually
Visual Imagery
Relating a word to yourself makes memory better
Self-reference effect
Generating materials yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention
Generation effect
Presenting material in an organized way improves memory
Organizing information
A word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory
Retrieval cue
Situations that involve survival can enhance memory
Relating words to survival value
Testing memory or practicing memory retrieval results in better memory
Retrieval practice
The enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
Testing effect
The enhanced performance due to retrieval practice
Testing effect
Techniques in Effective Studying
- Elaborate
- Generate and Test
- Organize
- Take breaks
- Avoid “illusions of learning”
- Be an “active” note-taker
Retrieving long-term memories is aided by
retrieval cues
Retrieval can increased by ___ that existed ___
matching conditions at retrieval to conditions, at encoding
3 situations where retrieval is increased by matching conditions of encoding and retrieval
- Encoding specificity - matching the context in which encoding and retrieval occur
- State-Dependent learning - matching the internal mood present during encoding and retrieval
- Transfer-appropriate processing - matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval
The process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
Consolidation
Involves structural changes at synapses which takes place over minutes or hours
Synaptic consolidation
Enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
Long-term Potentiation
Involves the gradual reorganization of neural circuits within the brain which takes place over months or even years
Systems Consolidation
Memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but after consolidation is complete, retrieval involves the cortex, with the hippocampus no long being involved
Standard Model of consolidation
Amnesia for events that occur after an injury
Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory for events occurred before injury which extend back minutes, hours or even years, depending on the nature of the injury
Retrograde Amnesia
A characteristic of retrograde amnesia; that amnesia tends to be most severe for events that happened just before the injury and to become less severe for earlier eventsa
Graded Amnesia
The hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories
Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation
The process of consolidating again the retrieved memory during its fragile state
Reconsilidation
