chapter 7 Flashcards
soaring elation or
deep depression
extremes of emotion or affect
often characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria,
mania
which usually involves
feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection
depression
the person experiences only depressive episodes,
unipolar depressive disorders
the
person experiences both manic and depressive episodes.
bipolar and related disorders
a person must be markedly depressed or lose interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least two weeks.
major depressive disorder
the person shows a markedly elevated, euphoric,
or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of
intense irritability or even violence—particularly when others
refuse to go along with the manic person’s wishes and schemes.
manic episode
a person experiences
abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least
4 days.
hypomanic episode
The symptoms of this condition typically include changeable mood, crying
easily, sadness, and irritability, often liberally intermixed with happy
feelings for new mothers
postpartum blues
a person must have a
persistently depressed mood most of the day, for more days than
not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents). In
addition, individuals must have at least two of six additional
symptoms when depressed
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
This disorder is diagnosed if a woman has had a certain
set of symptoms in the majority of her menstrual cycles for the
past year.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
The diagnostic criteria for this disorder require that the person exhibit more
symptoms than are required for dysthymia and that the symptoms be more persistent (not interwoven with periods of normal
mood).
major depressive disorder (major depression)
refers to the return of symptoms within a fairly short
period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that
the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course
relapse
a form of depression experienced by infants
anaclitic depression or despair
These
different patterns of symptoms or features are called _____
specifiers
This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting
the criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient either has lost
interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events. This severe subtype of
depression is more heritable than most other forms of depression
and is more often associated with a history of childhood trauma
major depressive episode with melancholic features
this specifier has Psychotic symptoms, characterized by loss of contact with
reality and delusions (false beliefs) or hallucinations (false sensory perceptions), may sometimes accompany other symptoms
of major depression.
severe major depressive episode with psychotic features
false beliefs
delusions
false sensory perceptions
hallucinations
delusions and hallucinations seem in some sense appropriate to serious depression
because the content is negative in tone, such as themes of personal inadequacy, guilt, deserved punishment, death, or disease.
mood congruent
a specifier that includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by
mood reactivity; that is, the person’s mood brightens in response
to potential positive events
major depressive episode with atypical features
A fourth specifier is used when the individual shows marked
psychomotor disturbances. includes a range of psychomotor symptoms, from motoric immobility (catalepsy—a stuporous state) to
extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity
Major depressive episode with
catatonic features
To meet DSM-5
criteria for this specifier, the person must have had at least two
episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same
time of the year (most commonly fall or winter), and full remission must also have occurred at the same time of the year (most
commonly spring). In addition, the person cannot have had
other, nonseasonal depressive episodes in the same 2-year period,
and most of the person’s lifetime depressive episodes must have
been of the seasonal variety
seasonal affective disorder or recurrent major depressive episode with seasonal pattern
People with this are moderately depressed on a
chronic basis (meeting symptom criteria for dysthymia) but
undergo increased problems from time to time, during which
they also meet criteria for a major depressive episode.
double depression
a gene involved in the transmission and
reuptake of serotonin, one of the key neurotransmitters involved
in depression.
serotonin transporter gene
theory that states that depression was at least sometimes due to an absolute
or relative depletion of one or both of these neurotransmitters
at important receptor sites in the brain
monoamine theory of depression
the inability
to experience pleasure,
anhedonia
excreted by the outermost portion of the adrenal glands and is regulated through a complex feedback loop (stress hormone
cortisol
a potent suppressor
of plasma cortisol in normal individuals,
dexamethasone
This area
is involved in selective attention, which is important in prioritizing the most important information available, and therefore in
self-regulation and adaptability—all important processes that are
disrupted in depression.
anterior cingulate cortex
Another
area involved which is critical to learning
and memory and regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
hippocampus
Exciting neurophysiological research in recent
years has followed up on earlier neurological findings that damage (for example, from a stroke) to the left, but not the right,
of this area often leads to depression
anterior prefrontal cortex
area which is involved in responsivity to reward
orbital prefrontal cortex
Lower levels of activity in this area which are associated with decreased cognitive control
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
this area is involved in the perception
of threat and in directing attention, tends to show increased
activation in individuals with depression (and anxiety disorders),
which may be related to their biased attention to negative emotional information
amygdala
characterized by five stages that occur in a
relatively invariant sequence throughout the night
sleep
is characterized by rapid eye
movements and dreaming as well as other bodily changes;
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
this includes cycles other than sleep, including body
temperature, propensity to REM sleep, and secretion of cortisol,
thyroid-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone. it is also controlled by two central oscillators which act as internal biological clocks
circadian rhythm
refers to one or more forms of stress ongoing for at least
several months
chronic stress
primary personality variable
that serves as a vulnerability factor for depression (and anxiety
disorders as well;refers to a stable and heritable personality trait that
involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.
neuroticism/ negative affectivity
involves a disposition to feel joyful,
energetic, bold, proud, enthusiastic, and confident;
positive affectivity
people low
on this disposition tend to feel unenthusiastic, unenergetic,
dull, flat, and bored.
introversion
the underlying dysfunctional beliefs, , which are
rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.
depressogenic schemas
thoughts that often occur just below the surface of
awareness and involve unpleasant, pessimistic predictions.
negative automatic thoughts
the negative cognitive triad according to aaron beck
negative thoughts about the self, negative thoughts about one’s experiences and the surrounding world, negative thoughts about one’s future
involves a tendency to think in extremes.
dichotomous or all-or none reasoning
involves a tendency to focus on
one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation.
selective abstraction
involves jumping to a conclusion
based on minimal or no evidence
arbitrary inference
It states that
when animals or humans find that they have no control over
aversive events (such as shock), they may learn that they are
helpless, which makes them unmotivated to try to respond in the future
learned helplessness
3 critical dimensions in which attributions are made
internal/external, global/specific, stable/unstable
defined by the perception that one had no control over what was
going to happen and by the absolute certainty that an important
bad outcome was going to occur or that a highly desired good
outcome was not going to occur.
hopelessness expectancy
a process in which they focus intently
on how they feel and why they feel that way, which involves a pattern of repetitive and relatively passive mental activity
rumination
focuses on different kinds of responses
that people have when they experience feelings and symptoms
of sadness and distress, and how their differing response styles
affect the course of their depressed feelings.
The Ruminative Response Styles Theory of
Depression
s defined as a less serious version of
full-blown bipolar disorder because it lacks certain extreme
symptoms and psychotic features such as delusions and the
marked impairment caused by full-blown manic or major
depressive episodes.
cyclothymia
is distinguished from major depressive
disorder by the presence of mania
bipolar 1 disorder
is characterized by symptoms of
both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at
least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days.
mixed episode
DSM-5 also identifies a distinct form of bipolar disorder
in which the person does not experience full-blown manic (or mixed) episodes but has experienced
clear-cut hypomanic episodes as well as major depressive episodes
bipolar 2 disorder
a pattern where persons with bipolar disorder experience
at least four episodes (either manic or depressive) every year,
rapid cycling
the enzyme responsible for the breakdown
of norepinephrine and serotonin once released.
monoamine oxidase
These are known to increase neurotransmission
of the monoamines
tricyclic antidepressants
often used to describe
lithium and related drugs because they have both antimanic and
antidepressant effects
mood stabilizer
These
drugs are often effective in patients who do not respond well to
lithium or who develop unacceptable side effects from it (Thase
& Denko, 2008), and they may also be given in combination
with lithium
anti convulsants
is often used with severely
depressed patients (especially among the elderly) who may present an immediate and serious suicidal risk, including those with
psychotic or melancholic features (The treatments, which induce seizures,
are delivered under general anesthesia and with muscle relaxants.
electroconvulsive therapy
therapy use to treat bipolar disorders and unipolar
pharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, bright light therapy, psychotherapy
is a
noninvasive technique allowing focal stimulation of the brain
in patients who are awake. Brief but intense pulsating magnetic
fields that induce electrical activity in certain parts of the cortex
are delivered
transcranial magnetic stimulation
involves implanting an electrode in the brain
and then stimulating that area with electric current
deep brain stimulation
The logic of this treatment is based on findings that people
with recurrent depression are likely to have negative thinking
patterns activated when they are simply in a depressed mood.
mindfulness based cognitive therapy
This treatment approach
focuses intensively on getting patients to become more active
and engaged with their environment and with their interpersonal relationships. These techniques include scheduling
daily activities and rating pleasure and mastery while engaging
in them, exploring alternative behaviors to reach goals, and
role-playing to address specific deficits.
behavioral activation treatment
This approach
focuses on current relationship issues, trying to help the person
understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns
interpersonal therapy
In this new treatment, patients are taught to recognize the effect
of interpersonal events on their social and circadian rhythms
and to regularize these rhythms
interpersonal and social rhythm therapy
taking one’s own life
suicide
3 main thrusts of preventive efforts for suicide
treatment of current mental disorder, crisis intervention, working with high risk groups
The primary objective of this is to help a person
cope with an immediate life crisis. If a serious suicide attempt
has been made, the first step involves emergency medical treatment, followed by referral to inpatient or outpatient mental
health facilities in order to reduce the risk for future attempts
crisis intervention
often accompanies thoughts of suicide. Some
people (most often women) do not really wish to die but instead
want to communicate a dramatic message to others concerning
their distress. Their suicide attempts tend to involve nonlethal
methods such as minimal drug ingestion or minor wrist cutting.
They usually arrange matters so that intervention by others is
almost inevitable.
suicidal ambivalence/ambivalence
