Chapter 6A- Upper-Limb Prosthetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are body powered prosthetics?

A

The force to operate components comes from mechanical transmission of muscluar effort generated elsewhere in the body

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2
Q

What are externally powered prosthetics?

A

A source outside the body generates power to operate the components

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3
Q

What are the advantages of body powered devices?

A

Low cost
Light weight
High reliability

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of body powered devices?

A

Harness restricts work envelope
Harness encumbers the noninvolved side
Uses their own energy- might tire
Cosmetic

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5
Q

What are the two classes of terminal devices?

A

Passive

Prehensile

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6
Q

What are the advantages of passive devices?

A
No moving part- less mechanical problems
Lightweight
Reliable
Social acceptance
Functional static grasp
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7
Q

What are the two types of passive devices?

A

Passive hand

Mitts

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8
Q

Which passive devices is usually recommended for infants?

A

Mitts

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9
Q

Which passive device is usually recommended for sporting activities?

A

Mitts

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10
Q

What is a prehensor terminal device?

A

Offers active grasp

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11
Q

What are the two classifiers for prehensors?

A

Voluntary-opening Devices

Voluntary-closing devices

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12
Q

What can classifiers for prehensors be subdivided into?

A

Hand like shapes

Utilitarian shapes

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13
Q

What is the traditional utilitarian shape?

A

Split hook

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14
Q

When is stainless steel used for utilitarian devices?

A

Usually for heavy-duty Transradial patients

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15
Q

What does the letter “X” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

The addition of neoprene rubber finger linings to improve friction and grasp

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16
Q

What does the letter “A” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

Made from aluminum

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17
Q

What is the percent of weight that is reduced by using an aluminum hook?

A

50%

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18
Q

What are the different series hook types?

A
Series 5- Male
Series 8- Females
Series 9- adolescents
Series 10- children
Series 12- Infants
Work hook
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19
Q

What does the letter “P” indicate when looking at the hook types?

A

Plastisol- soft rubber material made in Negroid and Caucasion tones

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20
Q

What is a work hook/Farmer’s hook?

A

Heavy duty stainless-steel hook, with a large opening between the two “fingers” that is designed to grasp shovels or similar objects

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21
Q

What does canted mean?

A

The slanted configuration of the hook fingertips

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22
Q

What does the canted hook provide?

A

Visual inspection during fine motor tasks

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23
Q

Bilateral amputees are usually given which type of hooks?

A

One canted

One straight

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24
Q

What is the CAPP terminal device

A

A voluntary-opening utilitarian shape that is not a hook but looks like a crab claw.

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25
Q

Where was the CAPP terminal device made?

A

Child Amputee Prosthetic Project at UCLA

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26
Q

Who usually uses the CAPP terminal device?

A

Children

Though, there are adult sizes as well

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27
Q

Who was the APRL hook developed by?

A

Army Prosthetics Research Laboratory after WWII

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28
Q

Which classification does the APRL hook fall under?

A

Voluntary-closing

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29
Q

What are some advantages of the APRL hook?

A

The fingers automatically lock in any position once grasp is accomplished
Has a selector switch
Operator lever is on the ulnar side of the device
Allows graded prehension

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30
Q

What does the selector switch on the APRL hook allow the amputee to choose?

A

A large finger opening
A small finger opening
Freewheeling- A small opening with the locking function eliminated

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31
Q

What was the APRL hook originally developed to use?

A

Biceps cineplasty

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32
Q

What are the disadvantages of the APRL hook?

A

Mechanical complexity
Expensive
Prone to breakdown

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33
Q

Who might benefit from an APRL hook?

A

Bilateral amputees- only on one hand

Previous users

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34
Q

Who created a series of voluntary-closing utilitarian devices?

A

Bob Radocy a recreational therapist and transradial amputee

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35
Q

What materials are Bob Radocy’s hooks?

A

Aluminum
Stainless steel
Plastic

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36
Q

Who likes Bob Radocy’s braces the best?

A

Children
Athletes
Unilateral transradial amputees
Long residual limbs

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37
Q

What is different about Bob Radocy’s hooks?

A

No locking mechanism

Amputee must maintain force to grasp object

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38
Q

What are the disadvantages of the voluntary-closing hand

A

Frictional loss
Rubber cosmetic glove impedes motion
Contours block visual inspection of the fingertips

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39
Q

What are the disadvantages of the voluntary-opening hands?

A

Friction loss
Glove restricting movement
Visual impedance of fingers
Limited pinch force

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40
Q

Who would not do well with Voluntary-closing/opening hands?

A

Bilateral amputees, due to limited functional capabilities

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41
Q

What is the Becker Plylite Hand?

A

Simple, Lightweight, voluntary-opening hand with the only moving component being the thumb.
It has an optional locking mechanism

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42
Q

What is the Becker Lock-Grip and Imperial Hands?

A

Voluntary opening hands with control cable tension that causes all five fingers to open.
Lock-Grip has a mechanism to lock all fingers in a closed position
Imperial model has easy adjustment of finger prehension force with the use of a screw driver

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43
Q

What is the Robin-Aids Mechanical Hand?

A

Voluntary-opening hand with control tension that causes digits 2,3,4 and 5 to move away from a stationary thumb
The thumb can be prepositioned for normal or large opening prehension.

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44
Q

What is the Robin-Aids Soft Mechanical Hand?

A

Voluntary-opening with the thumb and first two fingers to open. Made of plastisol and covered with urethane foam that provides softness

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45
Q

What is the Sierra Voluntary-Opening Hand

A

Two position stationary thumb. The first two fingers move away from the thumb
Has a Bac Loc feature in all fingers and allows patients to hold heavy objects securely

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46
Q

What is the Hosmer-Dorrance Functional Hand?

A

Voluntary opening permits prosthetist to adjust finger prehension by the installation of different tension springs

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47
Q

What is a prosthetic glove?

A

Rubberized covering that determines the external appearance of the prosthesis.

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48
Q

What are the three cosmetic glove types?

A

Stock glove
Custom Production glove
Custom-Sculpted Glove

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49
Q

What is a stock glove?

A

Most generic type comes in a few shades of Caucasion and Negroid plastics.
Need basic hand size and general skin tone

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50
Q

What is a custom production glove?

A

Made from doner mold of hand similar in shape to the amputees and then cover is selected for the best fit
Wider variety of skin tones

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51
Q

What is a custom-sculpted glove?

A

Hand-made from a sculptured reverse copy of remaining hand.
Made from silicone rubber-more durable
Can cover myoelectric hand

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52
Q

What are the two basic functions of wrist units?

A

Attach a terminal device to the forearm of the prosthesis

Permit the amputee to preposition the terminal device for operation

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53
Q

Why are wrist units important to transhumeral amputees?

A

They have lost all the ability to supinate and pronate the prosthetic arm. Wrist unit allows the needed ROM in the wrist to complete tasks

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54
Q

What are the various types of Friction Wrist Units?

A

Oval-shaped
Round
Wrist disarticulation wrist unit

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55
Q

What do the wrist units allow the amputee to substitute for?

A

Supination/Pronation

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56
Q

What’s the advantage of the oval-shaped friction wrist unit?

A

Cosmesis- Better transition between prosthetic hand and prosthesis.
More natural appearance

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57
Q

What is the disadvantage of the oval-shaped friction wrist unit?

A

Not constant friction

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58
Q

What is the difference between the wrist disarticulation wrist unit and the other wrist units?

A

They are made as thin as possible to conserve the length of the prosthetic forearm

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59
Q

What don’t the foregoing wrist units provide?

A

Constant friction

60
Q

What are constant-friction wrist units designed to provide?

A

Constant friction throughout the range of rotation of the terminal device.

61
Q

What do constant friction units use in the device to allow for the constant friction?

A

A nylon-threaded insert with steel lead threads

62
Q

How can the constant friction unit be fixed?

A

Replacing the entire nylon insert

63
Q

What are the four sizes for the round configuration of the constant friction wrist?

A

Infant
Child
Medium
Adult

64
Q

What are the sizes for the oval configuration of the constant friction wrist?

A

Medium

Adult

65
Q

What is the quick-change wrist unit?

A

A wrist unit designed to facilitate rapid interchange of different terminal devices, usually a hook and a hand

66
Q

What does the quick-change wrist unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Remove the terminal device from the wrist unit
Repalce the terminal device with a different device
Manually position the terminal device in supination or pronation
Lock the terminal device in the desired attitude of sup/pro

67
Q

What do most quick change wrist units use?

A

An adapter to be placed on the changing terminal devices

68
Q

What does light downward pressure cause allow, on a quick change wrist unit?

A

Unlocking of the terminal device to reposition

69
Q

What does a proximally directed axial force allow the amputee to do on a quick change wrist unit?

A

Lock the device in the new position

70
Q

What does a heavy downward pressure on the quick change wrist unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Eject the terminal device and switch it

71
Q

What does a wrist flexion unit allow the amputee to do?

A

Toileting
eating
shaving
dressing

72
Q

Which group of people do not necessarily need a wrist flexion unit?

A

Unilateral amputee because they can do all the activities with their other hand

73
Q

Who benefits from wrist flexion units?

A

Bilateral amputees

74
Q

What are the degrees of flexion available with the wrist flexion wrist unit?

A

Neutral
30 degrees of volar flexion
50 degrees of volar flexion

75
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

Significantly heavier than the flexion wrist units

76
Q

What are the degrees of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

0 degrees of volar flexion
30 degrees of volar flexion
50 degrees of volar flexion

77
Q

What is the advantage of the Sierra wrist flexion unit?

A

It has a much wider arc because it can rotate on the mount

78
Q

What is the difference between constant friction wrists and rotational wrists?

A

Rotational wrist units can be used with high labor/exertion activities and will stay locked in one position, unlike the constant friction wrist which will turn the terminal device with a lot of force

79
Q

How does the rotational wrist unit work?

A

Cable controlled, positive locking mechanisms
Allowing pronation and supination in any 360 degree angle
With greater resistance to rotation than friction wrists

80
Q

What is an advantage of the rotational wrist unit?

A

The cables cause the terminal devices to rotate back to a neutral position when not locked in place

81
Q

What is a ball-and-socket wrist unit?

A

A wrist unit that creates universal prepositioning of the terminal device with constant friction

82
Q

What are elbow units for the transradial amputees?

A

Flexible hinges that facilitate the transmission of the residual forearm rotation to the terminal device, minimizing the requirement for manual prepositioning by the amputee

83
Q

What are the different materials for elbow unit flexible hinges?

A

Metal
Leather
Dacron

84
Q

Where are the flexible elbow hinges attached?

A

Triceps pad

prosthetic forearm

85
Q

What do the flexible elbow hinges allow?

A

Transmission of 50% of the residual forearm rotation to the terminal device

86
Q

What are single-axis elbow hinges designed to provide?

A

Axial/rotational stability between the prosthetic socket and residual forearm

87
Q

If correctly aligned, what motions should the single-axis elbow hinges not restrict?

A

Flexion and extension ROM of the elbow

88
Q

What sizes are available for single-axis elbow hinges?

A

Adult

Child sizes

89
Q

What level of amputation requires the anteroproxiaml trim line of the socket to be close to the elbow joint?

A

Short transradial amputation

90
Q

What occurs with a high anterior socket wall, required by patients with short transradial amputations?

A

Bunching of soft tissue in the antecubital region causing restricted elbow flexion.

91
Q

What hinge helps increase elbow flexion by reducing the tendency for bunching of soft tissue?

A

Polycentric hinges

92
Q

What sizes are polycentric hinges available in?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

93
Q

What are the trim lines for amputation that are immediately distal to the elbow joint?

A

Extremely high trim lines

94
Q

With extremely high trim lines, what degree is the elbow restricted to during flexion?

A

90 degrees or less

95
Q

Which hinge can be used with patients needing extremely high trim lines?

A

Step-up hinge

96
Q

What is required of the prosthetic when using step-up hinges?

A

The prosthetic forearm and socket by separated

97
Q

What is another name for step-up hinged prosthetics?

A

Split-socket prostheses

98
Q

What do step-up hinges do?

A

Amplify the excursion of anatomic elbow joint by a ratio of approximately 2:1

99
Q

How much flexion is added when using step-up hinges with an anatomical elbow joint range of 60 degrees?

A

120 degrees

100
Q

What is required of the patient to use step-up hinges?

A

They must exert twice as much force to flex step-up hinges

101
Q

What sizes are available for step-up hinges?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

102
Q

What reasons make it difficult for a high transradial amputee to operate a conventional transradial prosthesis?

A

Inadequate strength of the elbow flexors
Inadequate flexion ROM
Inability to tolerate the pressure on the volar surface of the forearm when step-up hinges are used

103
Q

Which hinge is similar to the step-up hinge?

A

Stump-activated locking hinge because it also has to have a split socket

104
Q

What flexes the elbow joint when using stump-activated locking hinges?

A

Shoulder flexion on the amputated side

105
Q

What does the residual limb do when using the stump-activated locking hinge?

A

Locking and unlocking the mechanical joint.

106
Q

What sizes do the stump-activated locking hinges come int?

A

Adult

Small

107
Q

With the loss of the elbow joint, what ROM is required for function?

A

135 degrees of controlled flexion and extension

108
Q

What is also required of a prosthetic for elbow disarticulation or transhumeral patients?

A

Ability to lock in various degrees of flexion/extension

109
Q

What types of outside-locking hinges are available?

A

Standard

Heavy-duty

110
Q

What is provided by a standard outside-locking hinges?

A

Seven different locking positions throughout flexion

111
Q

What are the sizes of standard outside-locking hinges?

A

Adult
Medium
Child

112
Q

What does the heavy-duty outside locking hinge provide?

A

Five locking positions

113
Q

What size does the heavy-duty locking hinge come in?

A

Adult

114
Q

What are all the available transradial hinges?

A
Flexible
Rigid
Single-axis
Polycentric
Step-up
Stump-activated locking
115
Q

What are all the available transhumeral/elbow disarticulation hinges available?

A
Outside-locking
Inside-locking
Flail arm
Friction
Spring lift assist
116
Q

What length of humeral amputation provides adequate space to accommodate inside-locking elbow hinges?

A

5cm or 2in proximal from the elbow joint

117
Q

What do inside-locking elbow hinges provide?

A

11 locking positions

Incorporation of a friction-held turntable

118
Q

What does the turntable in the inside-locking elbow hinge permit?

A

Manual prepositioning of the prosthetic forearm as a substitute for external and internal rotation of the humerus

119
Q

What do flail arm hinges contain?

A

An oversized clock spring mechanism

120
Q

What does the clock spring mechanism in a flail arm hinge do?

A

Counterbalance the weight of the forearm.

121
Q

What is an option for the use of a clock spring mechanism in a flail arm hinge?

A

To use is singularly or in pairs depending on the degree of counterbalance desired

122
Q

What can be combined with a flail arm hinges?

A

Single free joint

Single locking joint

123
Q

What do friction elbow units require?

A

Passive positioning of the forearm

124
Q

What are the advantages of the friction elbow units?

A

Lightweight

Simple to operate

125
Q

What type of patients usually benefit from friction elbow units?

A

Cosmetic restorations
Pediatrics
Congenital patients
Brachial plexus injury involvement

126
Q

What elbow joint is similar to the flail arm hinge elbow unit?

A

Spring lift assist

127
Q

What is the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

A clock spring unit that can be added to any mechanical elbow.

128
Q

What is the function of the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

To counterbalance the prosthetic forearm and reduce the force necessary for elbow flexion.

129
Q

What are the advantages of using the spring lift assist elbow unit causing the reduction of force requirement?

A

Allows subtle harnessing adjustments that require less excursion from the amputee

130
Q

Who is usually prescribed the spring lift assist elbow unit?

A

Most amputees

Especially users with heavier steel terminal devices or hand prehensors

131
Q

What is the simplest design of shoulder units?

A

Bulk head design where the humeral segment is directly connected to the socket and no motion can occur.

132
Q

Which patients like the bulk head shoulder unit?

A

Unilateral amputees because they appreciate the weight savings

133
Q

What are the all shoulder designs available?

A
Bulk head
Friction-loaded
Single axis
Double axis
Triple axis
Ball-and-socket
134
Q

What does the passive friction-loaded shoulder joint provide?

A

Assistance with dressing and desktop activities

135
Q

What does the single-axis shoulder unit permit?

A

Only abduction

136
Q

What does the double-axis shoulder unit permit?

A

Abduction and flexion

137
Q

What does the triple -axis and Ball-and-socket shoulder unit permit?

A

Universal passive motion

138
Q

What are the sizes available for all shoulder units?

A

Small
Medium
Large

139
Q

What must occur, if locking functions are desired?

A

Custom-built shoulder joint

140
Q

What is the nudge control unit?

A

A paddle-shaped lever that can be pushed by the chin or phocomelic digit, or other environmental objects to provide a small amount of cable excursion.

141
Q

When are cable units prescribed?

A

When other body motions are not available

142
Q

What is the original design of the nudge control unit?

A

Locking and unlocking the elbow

143
Q

How can the nudge control unit be adapted?

A

Adapted to operate other body powered components, including flexion and roation wrist units

144
Q

Who is the Otto Bock Pylon Arm for?

A

Transhumeral and shoulder disarticulation amputees

145
Q

What does the Otto Bock Pylon Arm permit?

A

Passive or cable-operated elbow flexion with manual locking.

146
Q

What adapters are used to help the internal or external rotation of the humerus and supination or pronation of the forearm when using the Otto Bock Pylon Arm.

A

Rotation adapters

147
Q

What are the terminal device options?

A

Cable-controlled
Voluntary opening or closing
Passive hand with spring-activated thumb and fingers
cosmetic