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Linguistics 112 > Chapter 6 - World Languages and Language Families > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - World Languages and Language Families Flashcards

1
Q

Sanskrit

A
  • Discovered by Sir William Jones in 1789

- Gave insight to the relationship between languages

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2
Q

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

A
  • Related Sanskrit and other Indian languages to European languages
  • Reconstructed language
  • Hypothesized language family
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3
Q

Name the major Proto-Indo European branches.

A
  • Albanian
  • Armenian
  • Baltic
  • Celtic
  • Germanic
  • Greek
  • Indo-Iranian
  • Italic
  • Slavic
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4
Q

Describe the Albanian branch

A
  • Includes Albanian, Gheg

- Spoken in Albania and Serbia

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5
Q

Describe the Armenian branch

A
  • Included Armenian

- Spoken in Armenia

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6
Q

Describe the Baltic branch

A
  • Includes Latvian, Lithuanian

- Spoken in Latvia and Lithuania

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7
Q

Describe the Celtic branch

A

Continental branch (Extinct)

Insular branch
{Brythonic / P-Celtic}
-Welsh, Breton, Cornish (Ex)

{Goildelic / Q-Celtic}
-Welsh, Manx (Ex)

-Spoken in the UK and Ireland

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8
Q

Describe the Germanic branch

A

West Germanic:
-Includes Yiddish, English, Frisian, Dutch

North Germanic:
{West Scandinavian}
-Includes Faroese, Icelandic

{East Scandinavian}
-Includes Danish, Swedish

East Germanic:

  • Includes Gothic, Bargundian, Vanadian
  • All East Germanic Languages are extinct

-Spoken in Germany, Scandinavia, North America etc.

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9
Q

Describe the Greek branch

A
  • Includes Greek, Pontic

- Spoken in Greece

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10
Q

Describe the Indo-Iranian branch

A
  • Includes Sanskrit, Hindi

- Spoken in India, Pakistan etc.

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11
Q

Describe the Italic Branch

A

Western Romance
{Ibero-Romance}
-Includes Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Castilian, Austrian

{Gallo Romance}
-Includes Lombard, Venetian, French, Walloon

Italian / Cillian
-Includes Italian

-Spoken in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal etc.

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12
Q

Describe the Slavic branch

A

West Slavic
-Includes Czech, Slovak, Polish

East Slavic
-Includes Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian

South Slavic
-Includes Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene

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13
Q

Latin

A
  • Hard to classify as it is has no native speakers, but the Vatican state and Catholic church use it
  • Oldest Italic language
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14
Q

Pidgin

A

Two languages meet and attempt to communicate

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15
Q

Creole

A
  • A creole is formed when a Pidgin language evolves far enough to start having native speakers
  • A mash up of two different languages that has native speakers
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16
Q

What are the two unique Germanic languages in Canada?

A

Hutterisch and Plautdietsch

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17
Q

Differences between Walloon and French

A
  • Walloon has no gender marking
  • Walloon has nasal vowels and distinct vowel length
  • Walloon’s adjectives precede their nouns
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18
Q

What are some typological features of the Slavic branch?

A
  • Palatal consonants [tS] / [d3]

- Fusional Morphology

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19
Q

Describe the Uralic family

A

Finno-Urgic
{Urgic}
-Includes Hungarian, Khanty, Mansi

{Finnic}
-Includes Finnish, Estonian

Typology: agglutinating, vowel harmony, no gender morphology (not even pronouns)

-Indo-European Family

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20
Q

Describe the Altaic language family

A

Turkic
-Includes Turkishir, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kazakh etc.

Mongolic
-Includes Mongolian, Buryat

Tungusic
-Includes Evenki, Nani, Manch

Japonic
-Includes Japanese, Ryukyuan

Korean
-Includes Korean

Typology: Agglutinating, vowel harmony

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21
Q

Describe the Afro-Asiatic Branch

A

Berber
-Spoken in Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania

Chadic
-Spoken in Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad

Cushititc
-Spoken in Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea

Semetic
-Spoken in Israel (Hebrew), Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Iraq (Arabic), Ethiopia (Amharic)

Omotic

Egyptian (Extinct)
-Includes Coptic and Ancient Egyptian

Typology: Templatic morphology, VSO word order, Glottalization, Pharyngealization

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22
Q

Describe the Sino-Tibetan branch

A

Chinese

  • Largest branch in terms of number of speakers
  • Includes Mandarin, Cantonese etc.

Tibeto-Burman
-Spoken in Tibet and Burma

Typology: Isolating morphology, tonal

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23
Q

Isolating Morphology

A

One morpheme conveys the meaning of a word

Eg. Chinese is very isolating, as each character (morpheme) represents one word

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24
Q

Agglutinating Morphology

A
  • Multiple suffixes added to word roots
  • Each suffix conveys some type of meaning
  • Lots of noun cases
25
Q

Phoneme

A

Distinct speech sounds

26
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest units of language that convey meaning

27
Q

Affix

A

Morphemes that attach before (prefix) or after (suffix) the root

28
Q

Analytic Languages

A
  • Isolating languages
  • No affixes
  • 1 word = 1 root morpheme
29
Q

Synthetic Language

A
  • Fusional / Agglutinating languages

- Contain cases and holes

30
Q

Fusional Language

A
  • 1 word = 1 root + inflectional morphemes
  • Inflectional Morpheme: encodes several meanings

Eg. Russian, French

31
Q

Polysynthetic Language

A

1 word = 1 sentence

-Contains root word (verb/noun), the rest of the meaning is conveyed in affixes

Eg. Cree, Inuit and many other North American Indigenous languages

32
Q

Mixed Type Language

A

Languages with elements from two or more morphological categories

Eg. English = fusional + isolating

33
Q

Diachronic

A

Historically isolating language

34
Q

Templatic Morphology

A
  • Seen in Semitic languages

- Consonantal roots with added vowels to convey meaning

35
Q

Preposition

A

Words that come before the noun

36
Q

Postposition

A

Words that come after the noun

37
Q

Syntactic Typology

A
  • Word order
  • Scrambling languages can move their words around
  • Unmarked word order is the basic, most common word order found in any particular language
38
Q

Comparitve Method

A

-Comparing phonemes in corresponding words in various languages

Two major rules:

-Sound change plausibility
=Sounds are more likely to...
= be deleted rather than inserted
=be palatalized before front vowels
=be voiced between vowels
be devoiced word finally

-Majority rule
=If there is one exception, it will be ignored

Eg. If all words in a cognate begin with s except for one., reconstruction will include a s at the beginning

39
Q

Segmental Sound Change

A

Simplification of sounds

Eg. Deaffrication

40
Q

Sequential Sound Change

A
  • Change in sound sequence
  • Most common

Eg. Assimilation

41
Q

Auditory Based Sound Change

A

Based on auditory similarites

42
Q

Assimilation

A
  • Sequential sound change
  • Two sound segments become more similar
  • Assimilation of place, manner, voicing or palatalization
43
Q

Dissimilation

A
  • Sequential sound change
  • Two sound segments become less similar
  • Can occur at a distance
  • Dissimilation of place, manner, voicing or palatalization
44
Q

Epenthesis

A
  • Sequential sound change
  • Addition of a sound segment into a word
  • Caused by anticipation of upcoming sounds
  • Can aid in pronunciation
45
Q

Metathesis

A
  • Sequential sound change
  • Sound segments get shifted around
  • Spoonerisms
46
Q

Vowel Reduction / Weakening

A

Weakening of a vowel to a schwa

47
Q

Vowel Deletion

A

Apocope: word final vowel deletion

Syncope: word internal vowel deletion

48
Q

Consonant Deletion

A
  • Loss of consonant in any position
  • Lost consonant still reflected in spelling

Eg. Knight, knife etc.

49
Q

Consonant Weakening

A

Scale of consonantal strength: (strongest to weakest)

Voiceless Stops

Voiceless Fricatives / Voiced Stops

Voiced Fricatives

Nasals

Liquids

Glides

-Consonant strengthening occurs in the opposite direction

50
Q

Degemination

A

-Geminate consonants are stronger than degeminate consonants

Eg. tt - geminate

51
Q

Intervocalic / Intersonorant Voicing

A
  • Assimilation

- Voiceless stops become voiced

52
Q

Spirantization / Frication

A

Fricatives occur between two vowels intervocalically

53
Q

Sonority Scale

A

From most to least sonorous:

Vowels

Approximants

Nasals

Fricatives

Affricates

Stops

54
Q

Split

A

Same phoneme splits into separate phonemes in different dialects of the same language

55
Q

Merge

A

Two distinct phonemes become one phoneme in a language

56
Q

Shift

A

Systematic rearrangement of phonemes in a sound system

57
Q

Grimm’s Law

A
  • Rasmus Rask and Jakob Grimm

- Explains the differences in sounds between Germanic languages and other Indo-European languages

58
Q

Great Vowel Shift

A
  • Otto Jespersen
  • Officially began 15th century, officially ended 18th century
  • Major series of changes affecting how vowels in English are pronounced
  • Affected every dialect

Linguistics 112 (6 decks)

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