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IFSTA Pumping Apparatus, Driver Operator > Chapter 6, What Is Water/Where Does It Come From? > Flashcards

Chapter 6, What Is Water/Where Does It Come From? Flashcards

1
Q

At what temp does water exist as a liquid?

A

Between 32 degrees F and 212 degrees F.

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2
Q

At what temp does water exist as a solid?

A

Below 32 Degrees F, it converts to ice.

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3
Q

At what temp does water exist as a gas?

A

Above 212 degrees F, it converts to steam.

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4
Q

How is water’s density (weight per unit of volume) measured?

A

Pounds per cubic foot.

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5
Q

When is water heaviest?

A

Close to its freezing point.

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6
Q

When is water lightest?

A

Close to its boiling point.

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7
Q

For fire protection purposes, what is the weight of water?

A

8.33 pounds per gallon.

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8
Q

What 4 things does water need, as an extinguishing agent?

A

Specific heat, latent heat, exposed surface area, specific gravity.

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9
Q

What is specific heat?

A

A measure of the heat absorbing capacity of a substance.

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10
Q

What is a BTU?

A

British thermal unit, amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 pound of water 1 degree F (starting at 60 degrees F).

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11
Q

What is a joule?

A

A unit of work that has taken the place of the calorie in SI heat measurement (1 calorie =4.19 joules).

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12
Q

What is latent heat of vaporization?

A

The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor.

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13
Q

What is boiling point?

A

The temp at which a liquid absorbs enough heat to change to a vapor.

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14
Q

What is the exposed surface area?

A

The exposed surface of a spilled liquid (the speed at which water absorbs heat increases in proportion to the surface exposed to the heat).

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15
Q

If water is divided into many drops, what happens to its rate of heat absorption?

A

It increases hundreds of times.

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16
Q

How much does water expand at 212 degrees F, and why is that important in fire fighting?

A

It expands 1700 times. It is important because

  • it absorbs more heat faster
  • displaces hot gases/smoke
  • in some cases, smothers fire
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17
Q

Why is it necessary to adequate ventilation when using a fog stream in a direct attack?

A

Prevents steam from rolling back over and around the hose team.

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18
Q

What are the 3 main results of the proper application of a water fire stream into a room?

A
  • fire is extinguished/reduced
  • visibility maintained
  • room temp reduced
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19
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The tendency of a liquid to posses an internal resistance to flow.

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20
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

The density of liquids in relation to water (water is given a value of 1. Fluids with less specific gravity than 1 will float on water, more than spec grav of 1 will sink).

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21
Q

What are advantages of water as an extinguishing agent?

A
  • greatly absorbs heat
  • greater surface area of water, the faster heat absorbs
  • water to steam conversion (1700 times)
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22
Q

What are some disadvantages to using water as an extinguishing agent?

A
  • high surface tension (hard to soak into dense materials)
  • water reactive to certain metals
  • water freezes (a problem in certain jurisdictions)
  • conducts electricity
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23
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force per unit area (expressed in pounds per square foot or pounds per square inch, or kilopascals).

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24
Q

What is force?

A

A measurement of weight, expressed in pounds.

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25
Q

What is velocity?

A

The speed at which a fluid travels.

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26
Q

Where is atmospheric pressure at its greatest? At its least?

A

Greatest in low altitudes. Least in very high altitudes.

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27
Q

What is the most common way of measuring atmospheric pressure?

A

Comparing the weight of the atmosphere to the weight of mercury (in a thermometer, the greater the atmospheric pressure, the taller the column of mercury).

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28
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

14.7 psi (standard atmospheric pressure).

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29
Q

What is psig?

A

Pounds per square inch gauge (psi plus atmospheric pressure as read on a gauge).

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30
Q

What is psia?

A

Its the notation for actual atmospheric pressure (pounds per square inch absolute).

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31
Q

What is vacuum?

A

Any pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

32
Q

What is a perfect vacuum?

A

Absolute zero pressure.

33
Q

What is negative pressure?

A

Gauge readings less than 0 psi.

34
Q

What is head, in the fire service?

A

The height of a water supply above the discharge orifice.

35
Q

How do you convert head to head pressure?

A

Divide the number of feet by 2.304 (the number of feet that 1 psi will raise 1 square inch column of water).

36
Q

What is static pressure?

A

Stored potential energy available to force water through a hose (pressure in a water system before water flows from a hydrant).

37
Q

What is normal operating pressure?

A

Pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.

38
Q

What is residual pressure?

A

That part of total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss while forcing water through a hose (remaining pressure).

39
Q

What is flow pressure?

A

It is that forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening while water is flowing.

40
Q

What is elevation?

A

It refers to the center line of the pump or bottom of a static supply source above/below ground.

41
Q

What is altitude?

A

Position of an object above or below sea level.

42
Q

What is elevation pressure?

A

Pressure loss and pressure gain.

43
Q

What is friction loss?

A

That part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through a hose.

44
Q

What causes friction loss in a fire hose?

A
  • movement of water molecules against each other
  • hose lining
  • couplings
  • sharp bends
  • change in hose size by adapter
  • improper gasket size
45
Q

Where is flow pressure strongest and weakest?

A

Flow pressure is greatest near the supply source, lowest at farthest point in the system.

46
Q

What characteristics of hose layouts affect friction loss?

A
  • hose length
  • hose diameter
  • sharp bends
47
Q

What is water hammer?

A

The back pressure from suddenly water moving through a hose (energy surge transmits in opposite direction).

48
Q

What are the components of a water system?

A
  • source of water supply
  • means of moving water
  • water treatment plant
  • water distribution system
49
Q

Example of surface water.

A
  • rivers

- lakes

50
Q

Example of groundwater supply.

A
  • water wells

- water producing springs

51
Q

What are the 3 methods of moving water in a system?

A
  • direct pumping system
  • gravity system
  • combination system
52
Q

What is direct pumping system?

A

It pumps directly from the water source to the distribution system.

53
Q

What is a gravity system?

A

Uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system (the elevation provides the water pressure).

54
Q

What is a combination system?

A

A combination of direct pumping and gravity, used to allow water storage during low-demand periods.

55
Q

What is the fire departments main concern regarding treatment facilities?

A

That a maintenance failure, natural disaster, or fire could disable the pumping station.

56
Q

What part of the overall water supply system receives water from the pumping station, and delivers it throughout the area served?

A

Water distribution system.

57
Q

What is a fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction called?

A

Dead end hydrant.

58
Q

What is a fire hydrant that receives water from 2 or more directions called?

A

Circulating feed or looped line.

59
Q

What is a grid system?

A

A distribution system that provides circulating feed from several mains.

60
Q

What does a grid system consist of?

A
  • primary feeders
  • secondary feeders
  • distributors
61
Q

What is a primary feeder?

A

Large pipes (mains) that carry large amounts of water to various points of the distribution system, to send to smaller mains.

62
Q

What is a secondary feeder?

A

Network of intermediate sized pipes that reinforce the grid within the loops of the primary feeder system.

63
Q

What is a distributor?

A

Grid arrangement of smaller mains, serving individual hydrants.

64
Q

What is the recommended size for hydrant supply mains in residential areas?

A

At least 6 inches.

65
Q

What is the minimum recommended size for hydrant supply mains in business/industrial areas?

A

8 inch main, with cross-connecting mains every 600 feet.

66
Q

What size mains are used on principal streets?

A

12 inch.

67
Q

What is the main function of water main valves?

A

To provide a means for controlling the flow of water In the distribution system.

68
Q

What are the 2 types of valves in a water system?

A

Indicating valve and non-indicating valve.

69
Q

What is unique about the indicating valve?

A

It visually shows whether the gate/valve is open or closed.

70
Q

What are the 2 common types of indicating valves?

A

Post indicator valve and outside screw and yoke valve.

71
Q

Identify the post indicator valve.

A

Its a hollow metal post attached to the valve housing (the valve stem inside the post has the words “open” and “closed” on it).

72
Q

Identify the OS&Y valve.

A

It has a yoke on the outside with a threaded stem that controls the opening or closing.

73
Q

Where are non-indicating valves in a distribution system normally located?

A

Normally installed in valve boxes or manholes ( most common valve used on distribution systems).

74
Q

What are the 3 basic rates of consumption?

A
  • average daily consumption (ADC): average total water used in distribution system in 1 year.
  • maximum daily consumption (MDC): max water used during any 24-hour period interval within 3 years.
  • peak hourly consumption (PHC): max water used in any 1-hour interval over the course of a day.
75
Q

Where are private water supply systems most commonly found?

A

On large, commercial/industrial/institutional properties.

76
Q

What are the 3 reasons private water supply systems exist?

A
  • provide water solely for fire protection
  • provide water for sanitary and fire protection
  • provide water for fire protection and manufacturing

IFSTA Pumping Apparatus, Driver Operator (7 decks)

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