Chapter 6 Vocabulary

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

Anything that has the capacity to do work.

Question 2

Work

Answer 2

A force acting over a distance

Energy = Work = Force x Distance

Question 3

Heat

Answer 3

The flow of energy caused by a difference in temperature

Question 4

Kinetic energy

Answer 4

Energy of motion or energy that is being transferred

Question 5

Thermal energy

Answer 5

The energy associated with temperature

Question 6

Potential energy

Answer 6

Energy that is stored in an object, or energy associated with the composition and position of the object. Energy stored in the structure of a compound is potential.

Question 7

Forms of Energy

Answer 7

Electrical: Kinetic energy associated with the flow of electrical charge.
Heat of thermal energy: Kinetic energy associated with molecular motion.
Light or radiant energy: Kinetic energy associated with energy transitions in an atom.
Nuclear: Potential energy in the nucleus of atoms.
Chemical: Potential energy due to the structure of the atoms, the atoms’ positions relative to each other in the molecule, or the molecules, relative positions in the structure.

Question 8

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 8

States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.

Question 9

System

Answer 9

The material or process within which we are studying the energy changes within.

Question 10

Surroundings

Answer 10

Everything else with which the system can exchange energy with.

Question 11

Joule (J)

Answer 11

The amount of energy needed to move 1-kg mass a distance of 1 meter.
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm^2/s^2

Question 12

Chemical energy

Answer 12

The energy associated with the relative positions of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules.

Question 13

calorie (cal)

Answer 13

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Question 14

Thermodynamics

Answer 14

The study of energy and its interconversions.

Question 15

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 15

The total energy of the universe is constant.

Question 16

Internal Energy (E)

Answer 16

The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all of the particles that compose the system.

Question 17

State function

Answer 17

A mathematical function whose result only depends on the initial and final conditions, not on the process used.

Question 18

Heat

Answer 18

The exchange of thermal energy between the system and the surroundings. Heat exchange occurs when the system and surroundings have a difference in temperature.

Question 19

Temperature

Answer 19

The measure of the amount of thermal energy within a sample of matter.

Question 20

Thermal equilibrium

Answer 20

Heat flows from matter with high temperature to matter with low temperature until both objects reach the same temperature.

Question 21

Heat Capacity (C)

Answer 21

The quantity of heat required to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius.

Question 22

Specific Heat Capacity

Answer 22

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

Question 23

Molar Heat Capacity

Answer 23

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

Question 24

Enthalpy (H)

Answer 24

The sume of the internal energy of the system and the product of pressure and volume.

Question 25

Enthalpy change

Answer 25

The heat evolved in a reaction at constant pressure.

Question 26

Exothermic Reactions

Answer 26

Reactions that release heat

Question 27

Endothermic Reactions

Answer 27

Reactions that absorb heat

Question 28

Standard State

Answer 28

The state of a material at a defined set of conditions.
Pure gas at exactly 1 atm pressure
Pure solid or liquid in its most stable form at exactly 1 atm pressure and temperature of interest.
Substance in a solution with concentration 1 M.

Question 29

Standard enthalpy change, ΔH

Answer 29

The enthalpy change when all reactants and products are in their standard states

Question 30

Standard enthalpy of formation

Answer 30

The enthalpy change for the reaction forming 1 mole of a pure compound from its constituent elements.