Chapter 6: Validity

Question 1

validity

Answer 1

indication of accuracy in terms of the extent to which a research conclusion corresponds with validity

Question 2

internal validty

Answer 2

extent to which a study provides evidence of CE relationship between the IV and DV (logic of the relationship between variables)

Question 3

confounding

Answer 3

error that occurs when the effects of two variables in an experiment cannot be separated-biggest threat to validity

Question 4

subject variable

Answer 4

difference between subjects that cannot be controlled but can only be selected ( ex. gender (gender differences)

Question 5

construct validity of research

Answer 5

extent to which the results support the theory behind the research

Question 6

what is the difference between construct validity of measurement and construct validity of research

Answer 6

measurement: measures what is intended and nothing else
research: results support the theory behind research-can you generalize from specific operations of experiment to general theoretical construct of population

if the measurement lacks construct, so does the research

Question 7

What is a manipulation check and why is it used?

Answer 7

aspect of an experiment designed to make certain that variables have changed in the way that was intended (usually IV)

Question 8

What is the difference between construct and internal volume

Answer 8

construct validity rules out other possible theoretical explanations of the results

internal rules out alt variables as potential causes of the behaviour

Question 9

external validity

Answer 9

how well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or pop

Question 10

ecological validity

Answer 10

extent to which an experimental situation mimics a real world situation- natural setting

Question 11

statistical conclusion validity

Answer 11

extent to which data are shown to be the results of cause-effect rather than accident

validity, appropriate sampling, inferential statistics and measurement techniques must be

Question 12

power

Answer 12

the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false

Question 13

effect size

Answer 13

strength of the relationship between the IV and DV

Question 14

Ambiguous temporal precendence

Answer 14

variables that are related but not clear which is the cause and which is the effect

Question 15

history

Answer 15

events that occur outside of the experiment that could influence the results of the experiment

Question 16

maturation

Answer 16

source of error in an experiment related to the amount of time between measurements -longitudinal studies

Question 17

effects of repeat testing

Answer 17

performance on a second test is influenced by simply having taken a first test -similar to maturation but change is caused by the previous test

Question 18

regression effect

Answer 18

tendency of subjects with extreme scores on a first measure to score closer to the mean on a second test -errors will average out in second test

Question 19

random error

Answer 19

part of error that can be attributed to chance

Question 20

selection

Answer 20

confound that can occur due to assignment of subjects to groups

Question 21

mortality

Answer 21

the dropping out of some subjects before an experiment is completed causing a threat to validity

Question 22

What are threats to internal validity

Answer 22

ambiguous temporal precedence

history (outside lab events)

maturation

test-retest

regression effect

selection

mortality

Question 23

What are the threats to construct validity

Answer 23

loose connection between theory and method

ambiguous effect of IV

Question 24

ambiguous effect of IV

Answer 24

individuals may experience the IV in different ways

Question 25

other subjects

Answer 25

can’t assume any animal can’t be substituted

Question 26

threats to external validity

Answer 26

other subjects
other settings
other times

Question 27

threat to statistical conclusion validity

Answer 27

power and inaccurate effect size

too few subjects/observations and selection of outliers

Question 28

role demands

Answer 28

participants expectations of what an experiment entails/requires them to do

Question 29

good subject tendency

Answer 29

tendency of experimental participants to act according to what they think the experimenter wants

Question 30

evaluation apprehension

Answer 30

tendency of experimental participants to alter their behaviours to appear SD

Question 31

how can experimenter bias be reduced

Answer 31

keep the experimenter from knowing the conditions in an experiment or its purpose and standardizing the procedure

Question 32

how can role demands be reduced

Answer 32

cover stories

Question 33

control

Answer 33

any means used to rule out threats to the validity of research