Chapter 6 Urinary and Renal Drugs Flashcards
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Incontinence
Pharmacotherapy
Definition: bladder and urethral functions are abnormal
Drugs:
Diethystilbestrol (DES)
-Sythetic estrogen hormone
-Tx of incoontinence in spayed females
-toxicity can lead to bone marrow suppression - use in low doses
Estradiol/Estriol (Incurin)
-short-acting estrogen drugs
Imipramine (Tofranil)
-Tricyclic Antidepressant
-Tx of urinary incontinence dogs/cats
-Tachycardia, hyper-excitability, tremors
Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Oxytrol)
-Genitourinary Smooth Muscle Relaxant
-Urinary Antispasmodic dogs/cats
Phentlpropanolamine-PPA (Proin)
-Sympathomimetic
-Tx for urethral sphincter hypotonus (incontinence)
- use with caution: glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension ( this medication can affect blood pressure as it can shrink blood vessels-vasoconstrictor)
Erythropoietin
Pharmacotherapy of renal failure
Definition: a glycoprotein hormone secreted, mainly by the kidney it, acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
Used: Tx dogs/cats for anemia associated with chronic renal failure
Risks: failure can lead to hyperphosphatemia due to decreased extraction of phosphorus
-Tx phosphate, binders, such as aluminum hydroxide, or Epakitin
Hypokalemia due to increased secretion of potassium
-Tx potassium supplement
Furosemide (lasix, Salix)
Loop Diuretics
used: Tx congestive heart failure in cats and dogs, pulmonary edema, udder Adema, hypercalcemic nephropathy, and uremia
adverse side effects: hypokalemia other fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, auto toxicity, Gastro intestinal distress, hematologic effects, weakness and restlessness.
Mannitol
Osmotic Diuretics
uses: oliguric renal failure, reduction of intraocular, and cerebrospinal fluid pressure and rapid reduction of edema or ascites
adverse side effects: should not be used in patients with Anuria, secondary to renal disease and patients that are severely dehydrated or impatiens with pulmonary congestion or edema, Osmotic diuretics fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Spironolactone
Potassium-sparing diuretics
uses: help manage Adema or fluid retention due to congestive heart failure as sites, hypertension and other conditions where the body retains excessive fluids. It may be used along with furosemide, digoxin, (ACE) inhibitors in case of congestive heart failure or fluid retention due to liver failure, hypokalemia
adverse side effects: uncommon but hyperkalemia, may result if these drugs are administered on currently with potassium, supplements, or (ACE) inhibitors, such as captopril or enalapril. Should not be prescribed for patients with kalemia Addison’s disease anuria, cute Reno failure or significant renal impairment
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretics
uses: treatment of calcium oxalate uroliths, hyperglycemia, and as a diuretic for patients with heart failure
adverse side effects:
Hyperkalemia, if therapy is prolonged, hypersensitivity may be a side effect and some individuals at these drugs are not being used during pregnancy or in patients with severe renal disease, preexisting, electrolyte/water and balance, abnormalities, hepatic diseases, or diabetes drugs, may cause gastrointestinal upset
Dichlorphenamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
uses: primarily for open angle glaucoma
adverse side effects: hypokalemia, and are contradicted in patients with hyperchloremic acidosis
Bethanechol
Cholinergic Agonists
uses: primarily to increase the contractility of the urinary bladder
adverse side effects: Cholinergic toxicity, should not be used in patients with Gastro intestinal obstruction, or if the integrity of the urinary bladder wall is unknown, other side effects may include salvation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation (SLUD), Cholinergic crisis may occur if the strongest injected intravenously or subcutaneously, so atropine should be readily available
Propantheline
Anticholinergic Drugs
uses: treating urge incontinence by promoting the retention of urine in the urinary bladder
adverse side effects: decreased gastric mobility and delayed gastric emptying, which may decrease the absorption of other medications
Phenoxybenzamine
Alpha-Adrenergic antagonists
uses: in the urinary system, these drugs reduce internal sphincter tone when the urethral sphincter is in the hypertonus this action is useful in the treatment of urinary retention, because of the tetra sore or flexor or functional urethral obstruction.
adverse side effects: not be used in horses exhibiting clinical signs of colic may caused increase, ocular pressure, tachycardia, nasal congestion, inhibition of ejaculation, weakness/dizziness gastrointestinal effects, constipation in horses also may have to be obtained through compounding pharmacy
Prazosin
Alpha-Adrenergic antagonists
uses: in the urinary system, these drugs reduce internal sphincter tone when the urethral sphincter is in the hypertonus this action is useful in the treatment of urinary retention, because of the tetra sore or flexor or functional urethral obstruction.
adverse side effects: rapid decrease in blood pressure, resulting in weakness, or syncope after the first dose of prazosin
Benazepril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
uses: treatment of heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, proteins-losing glomeruli nephropathies
adverse side effects: renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys
Don’t like ACE
Enalapril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
uses: treatment of heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, proteins-losing glomeruli nephropathies
adverse side effects: renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys
Don’t like ACE
Propanolol
Adrenergic Antagonists
Beta-adrenergic antagonists
uses: help control mild/moderate hypertension with chronic renal failure
adverse side effects: decrease cardiac output
