Chapter 6 Transport Flashcards
What are 4 key challenges that must be met by those developing sustainable ways to transport ppl and goods in the future
Economic viability
Environmental impacts
Dependence on fossil fuels
User safety
What are 4 new vehicle technologies
Hydrogen fuelled vehicles
Biofuelled vehicles
Electric vehicles
Hybrid vehicles
What infrastructure changes will need to be made to support new vehicle technologies
Electric vehicles will require many new charging points
Hydrogen vehicles will require extensive new pipelines which transport hydrogen to specially equipped hydrogen filling stations
Biofuelled vehicles require more biofuel to be made which will take up much more land
What are the basic steps in the industrial production of bioethanol from biomass
Biomass
Biomass pretreatment
Cellulose hydrolysis
Glucose fermentation
Bioethanol recovery
What happens during biomass pretreatment
The biomass is crushed/ treated with steam to release starch/cellulose/complex sugars/ polysaccharides
What happens during hydrolysis stage of bioethanol production
Enzymes/ an acidic solution is added to the treated plant material to break the starch/ cellulose/ complex sugars into glucose/ fructose simple sugars
What is the equation for glucose fermentation
The equation is
C6H12O6 — 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
What happens at the fermentation stage of bioethanol production
Yeast is added to the glucose/ fructose/simple sugars in a warm environment in the absence of air to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
What happens at the purification stage of bioethanol production
The ethanol formed contains significant amount of water which is removed by distillation
How is biodiesel produced
A vegetable oil is treated with methanol and sodium hydroxide to form biodiesel
What is the name of the type of reaction that occurs in the production of biodiesel
Transesterification
What is the word equation for the production of biodiesel
Vegetable oil + methanol + sodium hydroxide = biodiesel + glycerine
What are the advantages of using biodiesel as a substitute fuel
Doesn’t damage the environment
Fewer greenhouse gases
Compatible with current technologies
What are the disadvantages of using biodiesel as a substitute fuel
Only suitable for warmer climates as it turns into jelly when exposed to cold weather
May cause water and food shortages
It’s expensive
What are the problems with global production of biofuels
Environmental impact of farming crops can cause pollution
Takes up more land which may cause food shortages
May cause destruction of natural habitats
Social justice farmers may not benefit from them growing it when they should
Need to ensure the production is not producing to much gases to a point where it’s pointless to grow the crops
