Chapter 6- Tour Of The Cell

Question 1

Cell fractionation

Answer 1

To take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one to another

Question 2

Prokaryotic

Answer 2

Bacteria and archaea

Question 3

Eukaryotic

Answer 3

Protist fungi animals and plants

Question 4

Cytosol

Answer 4

Semi- fluid sunstrate within the membrane organelles are also found here

Question 5

Chromosomes

Answer 5

Carry genes

In the nucleus

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

Tiny organelles that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

Question 7

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 7

DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid and no membrane separates this region from the cell

Question 8

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 8

Has a true nucleus bounded by the membranous nuclear envelope usually bigger than prokaryotic
Have extensive and elaborately arranges internal membranes which partition the cells into compartments
(Cells compartments provide different local environments the facilitate specific metabolic function so incompatible processes can happen simultaneously inside the same cell)

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

Question 10

Plasma membrane

Answer 10

Found at the boundary of the cell it functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen , nutrients and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell

Question 11

Cell volume to surface area

Answer 11

This is important bc if the cell is too large objects cannot diffuse into the cell quick enough for it to live

Question 12

Nucleus

Answer 12

Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell (some genes are mitchochondria and chloroplasts)

Question 13

Nuclear envelope

Answer 13

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

Question 14

Nuclear lamina

Answer 14

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

Question 15

Chromatin

Answer 15

A complex of proteins and DNA

Question 16

Nucleolus

Answer 16

Mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of chromatin rRNA is synthesized from the instructions of the DNA here

Question 17

Free ribosomes; bound ribosomes

Answer 17

Suspended in the cytosol

Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Network of membrane (account for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells)

Question 19

Glycoproteins

Answer 19

Proteins that have carbs covalently binder to them

Question 20

Transport vesicles

Answer 20

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Question 21

Golgi apparatus

Answer 21

Center of manufacturing, warehousing and shipping. Products of the ER are modified and sorted and sent to other destinations from here

Question 22

Cis face; trans face

Answer 22

2 poles of a golgi stack these act as the receiving (cis) and shipping (trans) department of the Golgi apparatus

Question 23

Lysosome

Answer 23

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules

Question 24

Phagocytosis

Answer 24

Eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

Food vacuoles are formed by this

Question 25

Autophagy

Answer 25

Lysosomes using their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle cell’s own organic material

Question 26

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 26

Pump excess water out of the cell which maintains the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules

Question 27

Central vacuoles

Answer 27

Enclosed by a membrane (tonoplast) can hold reserves of important organic compounds main repository for inorganic ions, disposal site for metabolic by products that would harm the cell, have major role for the growth of the cell, help protect the plant from predators by containing compounds that are either poisonous or unpalatable to animals

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic processes that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats and other fuels w/ the help of oxygen Number of mitochondria correlates with metabolic activity Enclosed in membrane but not part of the membrane system

Question 29

Chloroplasts

Answer 29

Found only in plants and algae and are the site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds Enclosed in membrane but not part of the membrane system Have a green pigment called chlorophyll

Question 30

Plastids

Answer 30

Family of closely related plant organelles

Question 31

Peroxisome

Answer 31

Special metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane (split in two when it gets to large) Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen

Question 32

Cytoskeleton

Answer 32

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm | Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintain its cell

Question 33

Cell motility

Answer 33

Encompasses both changes in the cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell Requires the interaction of cytoskeleton w/ proteins called motor proteins

Question 34

Microtubules

Answer 34

The thickest of 3 types microfilaments (actin filaments) are the thinnest and intermediate filaments are fibers w/ diameters in middle range Found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells Each tubulin molecule is a dimer consisting of 2 slightly different polypeptide subunits Shape and support the cell Responsible for the separation chromosomes during cell division

Question 35

Centrosome

Answer 35

Region located near the nucleus considered to be a microtubule organizing center

Question 36

Flagellum and cilia

Answer 36

Locomotor appendages that protrude from some cells Flagellum -motion generates force in the same direction as the flagellum axis Cilia -works like oars w/ alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicular to the cilium’s axis

Question 37

Actin

Answer 37

Globular protein

Question 38

Myosin

Answer 38

Protein that acts as a motor protein by means of projections (arms) that walk along the actin filaments

Question 39

Pseudopodia

Answer 39

Extends and contracts through the reversible assembly of action subunits into microfilaments and of microfilaments into networks that convert cytoplasm from sol to gel

Question 40

Cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 40

A circular flow of cytoplasm within the cells this movement is especially common in plant cells, speeds the distribution of materials within the cells

Question 41

Intermediate filaments

Answer 41

``` Specialized for bearing tensions Diverse class of cytoskeltal elements Other intermediate filaments make up the nuclear lamina that lines the interior of the nuclear envelope ```

Question 42

Cell wall

Answer 42

Extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells Protects cell maintains shape and prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 43

Extracellular matrix

Answer 43

The substance in which animal tissues are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides

Question 44

Collagen

Answer 44

Forms strong fibers outside the cell, embedded in a network woven from proteiglycans, glycoproteins of another class