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ap Bio > Chapter 6- Tour Of The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Tour Of The Cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell fractionation

A

To take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one to another

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2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Protist fungi animals and plants

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi- fluid sunstrate within the membrane organelles are also found here

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carry genes

In the nucleus

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny organelles that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid and no membrane separates this region from the cell

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8
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Has a true nucleus bounded by the membranous nuclear envelope usually bigger than prokaryotic
Have extensive and elaborately arranges internal membranes which partition the cells into compartments
(Cells compartments provide different local environments the facilitate specific metabolic function so incompatible processes can happen simultaneously inside the same cell)

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Region between the nucleus and plasma membrane

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Found at the boundary of the cell it functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen , nutrients and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell

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11
Q

Cell volume to surface area

A

This is important bc if the cell is too large objects cannot diffuse into the cell quick enough for it to live

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell (some genes are mitchochondria and chloroplasts)

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13
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of proteins and DNA

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of chromatin rRNA is synthesized from the instructions of the DNA here

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17
Q

Free ribosomes; bound ribosomes

A

Suspended in the cytosol

Attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membrane (account for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells)

19
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins that have carbs covalently binder to them

20
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Center of manufacturing, warehousing and shipping. Products of the ER are modified and sorted and sent to other destinations from here

22
Q

Cis face; trans face

A

2 poles of a golgi stack these act as the receiving (cis) and shipping (trans) department of the Golgi apparatus

23
Q

Lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules

24
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

Food vacuoles are formed by this

25
Q

Autophagy

A

Lysosomes using their hydrolytic enzymes to recycle cell’s own organic material

26
Q

Contractile vacuoles

A

Pump excess water out of the cell which maintains the appropriate concentration of salts and other molecules

27
Q

Central vacuoles

A

Enclosed by a membrane (tonoplast) can hold reserves of important organic compounds main repository for inorganic ions, disposal site for metabolic by products that would harm the cell, have major role for the growth of the cell, help protect the plant from predators by containing compounds that are either poisonous or unpalatable to animals

28
Q

Mitochondria

A

Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic processes that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugar, fats and other fuels w/ the help of oxygen
Number of mitochondria correlates with metabolic activity
Enclosed in membrane but not part of the membrane system

29
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Found only in plants and algae and are the site of photosynthesis
Converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds
Enclosed in membrane but not part of the membrane system
Have a green pigment called chlorophyll

30
Q

Plastids

A

Family of closely related plant organelles

31
Q

Peroxisome

A

Special metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane (split in two when it gets to large)
Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen

32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Gives mechanical support to the cell and maintain its cell

33
Q

Cell motility

A

Encompasses both changes in the cell location and more limited movements of parts of the cell
Requires the interaction of cytoskeleton w/ proteins called motor proteins

34
Q

Microtubules

A

The thickest of 3 types microfilaments (actin filaments) are the thinnest and intermediate filaments are fibers w/ diameters in middle range
Found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
Each tubulin molecule is a dimer consisting of 2 slightly different polypeptide subunits
Shape and support the cell
Responsible for the separation chromosomes during cell division

35
Q

Centrosome

A

Region located near the nucleus considered to be a microtubule organizing center

36
Q

Flagellum and cilia

A

Locomotor appendages that protrude from some cells
Flagellum
-motion generates force in the same direction as the flagellum axis
Cilia
-works like oars w/ alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicular to the cilium’s axis

37
Q

Actin

A

Globular protein

38
Q

Myosin

A

Protein that acts as a motor protein by means of projections (arms) that walk along the actin filaments

39
Q

Pseudopodia

A

Extends and contracts through the reversible assembly of action subunits into microfilaments and of microfilaments into networks that convert cytoplasm from sol to gel

40
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

A circular flow of cytoplasm within the cells this movement is especially common in plant cells, speeds the distribution of materials within the cells

41
Q

Intermediate filaments

A 
Specialized for bearing tensions 
Diverse class of cytoskeltal elements 
Other intermediate filaments make up the nuclear lamina that lines the interior of the nuclear envelope
42
Q

Cell wall

A

Extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells
Protects cell maintains shape and prevents excessive uptake of water

43
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

The substance in which animal tissues are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides

44
Q

Collagen

A

Forms strong fibers outside the cell, embedded in a network woven from proteiglycans, glycoproteins of another class

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