Chapter 6: Tour of Cell Structure

Question 1

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

Question 2

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes refer to types of what biological unit?

Answer 2

Cells

Question 3

What features are shared by all cells?

Answer 3

• Bounded by plasma membrane
• Contains a cytosol
• Contains chromosomes
• Contains ribosomes

Question 4

What are the two main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 4

Nucleus (Eukaryotic) vs. Nucleoid (Prokaryotic)
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Question 5

What is the difference between the nucleus and nucleoid?

Answer 5

A nucleus is bound by a double membrane, while the nucleoid is not bounded by a membrane at all

Question 6

What organelle contains the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 6

Nucleoid

Question 7

What organelle contains the DNA of a eukaryotic organism?

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

What is the interior of a cell called?

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

Define the cytoplasm

Answer 9

Inside of a cell

Question 10

What organelle functions as a selective barrier, allowing passage of engh oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell?

Answer 10

Plasma Membrane

Question 11

What is the plasma mebrane?

Answer 11

Selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell

Question 12

What organelle encloses the nucleus as its double-membrane?

Answer 12

Nuclear envelope

Question 13

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 13

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism

Question 14

This netlike array of microfilaments maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope.

Answer 14

Nuclear lamina

Question 15

What is the nuclear lamina?

Answer 15

Array of protein microfilaments that support the nuclear envelope by supporting it

Question 16

What are chromosomes?

Answer 16

Structures within the nucleus that carry DNA

Question 17

What structures, located within the nucleus, carry DNA?

Answer 17

Chromosomes

Question 18

The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins are all called what?

Answer 18

Chromatin

Question 19

Define chromatin

Answer 19

The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins

Question 20

A typical human cell has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?

Answer 20

46

Question 21

A typical human sex-cell (egg/sperm) has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?

Answer 21

23

Question 22

What organelle within the nucleus synthesizes rRNA based on instructions from the DNA, and assembles the subunits of ribosomes?

Answer 22

Nucleolus

Question 23

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 23

Synthesizes rRNA and makes the subunits of ribosomes.

Question 24

What organelles synthesize proteins?

Answer 24

Ribosomes

Question 25

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 25

Synthesizing proteins

Question 26

What are the two types of ribosomes?

Answer 26

Free Ribosomes, Bound Ribosomes

Question 27

What is the difference between Free and Bound Ribosomes?

Answer 27

Free Ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while Bound Ribosomes are attached to the Rough ER or Nuclear Envelope

Question 28

What is the difference between proteins synthesized by Free and Bound Ribosomes?

Answer 28

Free Ribosomes make proteins that function within the cytosol Bound Ribosomes make proteins that will either be inserted into membranes, packaged into other organelles, or excreted from the cell.

Question 29

What type of ribosome makes proteins that will function in the cytosol?

Answer 29

Free Ribosomes

Question 30

What type of ribosome will make proteins that will either be: - Inserted into membranes - Packaged into other organelles - Excreted from the cell

Answer 30

Bound Ribosomes

Question 31

What are vesicles?

Answer 31

Sacs made of membrane

Question 32

What system of organelles includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane?

Answer 32

Endomembrane system

Question 33

List all the organelles involved in the Endomembrane system.

Answer 33

Nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

Question 34

What organelle is an extensive network of membranes, accounting for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

Answer 34

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 35

What are the membranes/sacs that make up the ER called?

Answer 35

Cisternae

Question 36

What are cisternae, in the context of the ER?

Answer 36

The membranes/sacs that make it up

Question 37

What is the inside of a cisternae called?

Answer 37

Lumen/cisternal space

Question 38

What is a lumen, in the context of the ER?

Answer 38

The inside of a cisterna

Question 39

What are the two types of ER?

Answer 39

Smooth ER, Rough ER

Question 40

What is the difference between the Smooth and Rough ER?

Answer 40

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, Rough ER is studded with them

Question 41

What organelle notably lacks ribosomes, but is still part of the ER?

Answer 41

Smooth ER

Question 42

What organelle is part of the ER, but notably is studded with ribosomes?

Answer 42

Rough ER

Question 43

What are the functions of the Smooth ER?

Answer 43

Synthesis of lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs/poisons, storage of calcium ions

Question 44

What organelle synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores calcium ions?

Answer 44

Smooth ER

Question 45

What are the functions of the Rough ER?

Answer 45

Transporting related proteins, making membranes and adding them to its own membrane (essentially growing itself and therefore the whole ER)

Question 46

What are glycoproteins? What organelle usually transports these types of proteins, and what is usually their fate?

Answer 46

Proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them; usually transported by Rough ER, are usually secreted from the cell.

Question 46

Vesicles that travel across organelles transporting materials are known as what?

Answer 46

Transport vesicles

Question 46

What are transport vesicles?

Answer 46

Vesicles that go from one organelle to another, with cargo.