Chapter 6: Tour of Cell Structure Flashcards
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes refer to types of what biological unit?
Cells
What features are shared by all cells?
- Bounded by plasma membrane
- Contains a cytosol
- Contains chromosomes
- Contains ribosomes
What are the two main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus (Eukaryotic) vs. Nucleoid (Prokaryotic)
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
What is the difference between the nucleus and nucleoid?
A nucleus is bound by a double membrane, while the nucleoid is not bounded by a membrane at all
What organelle contains the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?
Nucleoid
What organelle contains the DNA of a eukaryotic organism?
Nucleus
What is the interior of a cell called?
Cytoplasm
Define the cytoplasm
Inside of a cell
What organelle functions as a selective barrier, allowing passage of engh oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell?
Plasma Membrane
What is the plasma mebrane?
Selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell
What organelle encloses the nucleus as its double-membrane?
Nuclear envelope
What is the nuclear envelope?
Double membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism
This netlike array of microfilaments maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope.
Nuclear lamina
What is the nuclear lamina?
Array of protein microfilaments that support the nuclear envelope by supporting it
What are chromosomes?
Structures within the nucleus that carry DNA
What structures, located within the nucleus, carry DNA?
Chromosomes
The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins are all called what?
Chromatin
Define chromatin
The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins
A typical human cell has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?
46
A typical human sex-cell (egg/sperm) has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?
23
What organelle within the nucleus synthesizes rRNA based on instructions from the DNA, and assembles the subunits of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Synthesizes rRNA and makes the subunits of ribosomes.
What organelles synthesize proteins?
Ribosomes
What is the function of ribosomes?
Synthesizing proteins
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free Ribosomes, Bound Ribosomes
What is the difference between Free and Bound Ribosomes?
Free Ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while Bound Ribosomes are attached to the Rough ER or Nuclear Envelope
What is the difference between proteins synthesized by Free and Bound Ribosomes?
Free Ribosomes make proteins that function within the cytosol
Bound Ribosomes make proteins that will either be inserted into membranes, packaged into other organelles, or excreted from the cell.
What type of ribosome makes proteins that will function in the cytosol?
Free Ribosomes
What type of ribosome will make proteins that will either be:
- Inserted into membranes
- Packaged into other organelles
- Excreted from the cell
Bound Ribosomes
What are vesicles?
Sacs made of membrane
What system of organelles includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane?
Endomembrane system
List all the organelles involved in the Endomembrane system.
Nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
What organelle is an extensive network of membranes, accounting for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
What are the membranes/sacs that make up the ER called?
Cisternae
What are cisternae, in the context of the ER?
The membranes/sacs that make it up
What is the inside of a cisternae called?
Lumen/cisternal space
What is a lumen, in the context of the ER?
The inside of a cisterna
What are the two types of ER?
Smooth ER, Rough ER
What is the difference between the Smooth and Rough ER?
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, Rough ER is studded with them
What organelle notably lacks ribosomes, but is still part of the ER?
Smooth ER
What organelle is part of the ER, but notably is studded with ribosomes?
Rough ER
What are the functions of the Smooth ER?
Synthesis of lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs/poisons, storage of calcium ions
What organelle synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores calcium ions?
Smooth ER
What are the functions of the Rough ER?
Transporting related proteins, making membranes and adding them to its own membrane (essentially growing itself and therefore the whole ER)
What are glycoproteins? What organelle usually transports these types of proteins, and what is usually their fate?
Proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them; usually transported by Rough ER, are usually secreted from the cell.
Vesicles that travel across organelles transporting materials are known as what?
Transport vesicles
What are transport vesicles?
Vesicles that go from one organelle to another, with cargo.
