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Campbell Biology > Chapter 6: Tour of Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Tour of Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

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2
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes refer to types of what biological unit?

A

Cells

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3
Q

What features are shared by all cells?

A
  • Bounded by plasma membrane
  • Contains a cytosol
  • Contains chromosomes
  • Contains ribosomes
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4
Q

What are the two main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus (Eukaryotic) vs. Nucleoid (Prokaryotic)
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is the difference between the nucleus and nucleoid?

A

A nucleus is bound by a double membrane, while the nucleoid is not bounded by a membrane at all

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6
Q

What organelle contains the DNA of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Nucleoid

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7
Q

What organelle contains the DNA of a eukaryotic organism?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

What is the interior of a cell called?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Define the cytoplasm

A

Inside of a cell

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10
Q

What organelle functions as a selective barrier, allowing passage of engh oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

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11
Q

What is the plasma mebrane?

A

Selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell

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12
Q

What organelle encloses the nucleus as its double-membrane?

A

Nuclear envelope

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13
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane that encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism

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14
Q

This netlike array of microfilaments maintains the shape of the nucleus by supporting the nuclear envelope.

A

Nuclear lamina

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15
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Array of protein microfilaments that support the nuclear envelope by supporting it

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16
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures within the nucleus that carry DNA

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17
Q

What structures, located within the nucleus, carry DNA?

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins are all called what?

A

Chromatin

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19
Q

Define chromatin

A

The complex of DNA, chromosomes, and the chromosomes’ packing proteins

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20
Q

A typical human cell has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?

A

46

21
Q

A typical human sex-cell (egg/sperm) has how many chromosomes in its nucleus?

A

23

22
Q

What organelle within the nucleus synthesizes rRNA based on instructions from the DNA, and assembles the subunits of ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

23
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesizes rRNA and makes the subunits of ribosomes.

24
Q

What organelles synthesize proteins?

A

Ribosomes

25
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesizing proteins

26
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free Ribosomes, Bound Ribosomes

27
Q

What is the difference between Free and Bound Ribosomes?

A

Free Ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol, while Bound Ribosomes are attached to the Rough ER or Nuclear Envelope

28
Q

What is the difference between proteins synthesized by Free and Bound Ribosomes?

A

Free Ribosomes make proteins that function within the cytosol

Bound Ribosomes make proteins that will either be inserted into membranes, packaged into other organelles, or excreted from the cell.

29
Q

What type of ribosome makes proteins that will function in the cytosol?

A

Free Ribosomes

30
Q

What type of ribosome will make proteins that will either be:
- Inserted into membranes
- Packaged into other organelles
- Excreted from the cell

A

Bound Ribosomes

31
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Sacs made of membrane

32
Q

What system of organelles includes the nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane?

A

Endomembrane system

33
Q

List all the organelles involved in the Endomembrane system.

A

Nuclear envelope, the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles/vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

34
Q

What organelle is an extensive network of membranes, accounting for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

35
Q

What are the membranes/sacs that make up the ER called?

A

Cisternae

36
Q

What are cisternae, in the context of the ER?

A

The membranes/sacs that make it up

37
Q

What is the inside of a cisternae called?

A

Lumen/cisternal space

38
Q

What is a lumen, in the context of the ER?

A

The inside of a cisterna

39
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Smooth ER, Rough ER

40
Q

What is the difference between the Smooth and Rough ER?

A

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, Rough ER is studded with them

41
Q

What organelle notably lacks ribosomes, but is still part of the ER?

A

Smooth ER

42
Q

What organelle is part of the ER, but notably is studded with ribosomes?

A

Rough ER

43
Q

What are the functions of the Smooth ER?

A

Synthesis of lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs/poisons, storage of calcium ions

44
Q

What organelle synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs/poisons, and stores calcium ions?

A

Smooth ER

45
Q

What are the functions of the Rough ER?

A

Transporting related proteins, making membranes and adding them to its own membrane (essentially growing itself and therefore the whole ER)

46
Q

What are glycoproteins? What organelle usually transports these types of proteins, and what is usually their fate?

A

Proteins that have carbs covalently bonded to them; usually transported by Rough ER, are usually secreted from the cell.

46
Q

Vesicles that travel across organelles transporting materials are known as what?

A

Transport vesicles

46
Q

What are transport vesicles?

A

Vesicles that go from one organelle to another, with cargo.

47
Q
A

Campbell Biology (1 decks)

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