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Microbiology (BIOL 261) > Chapter 6 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Vocabulary

Amino Acid

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2
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Vocabulary

Aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetase

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3
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Vocabulary

Anticodon

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4
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Vocabulary

Antiparallel

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5
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Vocabulary

Bacteriocin

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6
Q

Vocabulary

Chaperone

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7
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Vocabulary

Chromosome

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8
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Vocabulary

Codon

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9
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Vocabulary

Codon Bias

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10
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Vocabulary

Complementary

In referance to DNA

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11
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Vocabulary

Denaturation

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12
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Vocabulary

DNA

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13
Q

Vocabulary

DNA gyrase

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14
Q

Vocabulary

DNA helicase

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15
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Vocabulary

DNA ligase

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16
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Vocabulary

DNA polymerase

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17
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Vocabulary

Gene

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18
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Vocabulary

Genetic code

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19
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Vocabulary

Genetic element

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20
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Vocabulary

Genome

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21
Q

Vocabulary

Lagging strand

In re. to DNA

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22
Q

Vocabulary

Leading strand

In re. to DNA

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23
Q

Vocabulary

mRNA

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24
Q

Vocabulary

Nonsense codon

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25
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Vocabulary

Nucleoside

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26
Q

Vocabulary

Nucleotide

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27
Q

Vocabulary

Open reading frame (ORF)

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28
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Vocabulary

Operon

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29
Q

Vocabulary

Peptide bond

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30
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Vocabulary

Phosphodiester bond

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31
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Vocabulary

Plasmid

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32
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Vocabulary

Polypeptide

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33
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Vocabulary

Primary structure

In re. to DNA

A
34
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Vocabulary

Primase

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35
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Vocabulary

Primer

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36
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Vocabulary

Promoter

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37
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Vocabulary

Protein

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38
Q

Vocabulary

Purine

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39
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Vocabulary

Pyrimidine

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40
Q

Vocabulary

Quaternary structure

In re. to DNA

A
41
Q

Vocabulary

Replication

In re. to DNA

A
42
Q

Vocabulary

Replication fork

In re. to DNA

A
43
Q

Vocabulary

Replisome

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44
Q

Vocabulary

rRNA

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45
Q

Vocabulary

Ribosome

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46
Q

Vocabulary

RNA

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47
Q

Vocabulary

RNA polymerase

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48
Q

Vocabulary

Secondary structure

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49
Q

Vocabulary

Semiconservative replication

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50
Q

Vocabulary

Start codon

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51
Q

Vocabulary

Stop codon

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52
Q

Vocabulary

Termination

In re. to DNA

A
53
Q

Vocabulary

Tertiary structure

In re. to DNA

A
54
Q

Vocabulary

Transcription

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55
Q

Vocabulary

Transfer RNA

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56
Q

Vocabulary

Translation

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57
Q

Vocabulary

Transposable element

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58
Q

Vocabulary

Wobble

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59
Q

What is a genome, and what is it composed of?

A

The genome is the complete package of genetic elements and is composed of:
1. Chromosomes>genes>DNA>Nucleotides

Pg. 166-167

60
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

The flow of genetic information is a central process in all cells.

pg. 168

61
Q

How is DNA both complementary and antiparallel.

A

DNA is complementary because of the specific base pairing between the pyrimidines and purines.

DNA is antiparrel because of it’s structure. Each strand of DNA begins w/ a 5’-Phosphate and ends w/ a 3’-hydroxyl group. Since the full structure of DNA is composed of 2 strands they must run parallel but in opposite directions otherwise they would repel each other, thus never link.

pg. 167

62
Q

Why is supercoiling essential to a bacterial cell?

A

While DNA is small, the shear length of the DNA would be massive w/o supercoils. Further, bacteria DNA is circular and the genome itself is unprotected within the cytoplasm of the cell. Thus supercoiling allows the cell to conserve space within the cytoplasm while still holding all the nessesary DNA codons for life processes.

pg. 167

63
Q

In referance towards bacterial DNA supercoiling:

What enzyme facilitates this process?

A

Topoisomerases: inserts and removes supercoils by placing DNA under rotational torsion, typically in a (-) orientation.

(+) orientation is normally seen in archaea.

pg 167

64
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Additional genetic information within the cytoplasm that is not part of the cells actual genome. Plasmids are normally 2x DNA that may have a circular or linear orientation.

Plasmids do not carry genes nessesary for essential life process, however, these genes are typically able to alter the cells physiology, or at least alter it, emparting special functions or processes to the individual cells benefit.

pg 171

65
Q

What properties does an R-plasmid confer on its host cell?

A

R-plasmid (a/k/a Resistant-plasmid) are specific plasmids within bacteria that confer a resistance towards antibiotics and/or growth inhibitors via encoding proteins that:
1. inactivate the threat directly.
2. protect the cell via other methods.

pg 171

66
Q

What is the difference between a template strand and a daughter strand of DNA?

In referance to DNA Replication.

A

The template strand (parent strand) is the DNA strand that is actually being replicated.

The daughter strand is the other half or complementary strand that forms the double helix seen with DNA

xx=> xy + xz

67
Q

In what direction does DNA replication occur?

A

DNA always proceeds from the 5’ to the 3’ regaurdless of the strand

It’s bc of this that there are leading and lagging strands.

pg 172

68
Q

In DNA replication, what is the primer composed of?

A

The primer is a nucliec acid that DNA polymerase can attache the first nucleotide. This primer is RNA and is synthesized by primase.

pg 173

69
Q

What are the steps that initiate DNA replication?

A
  1. At the Origin of Replication (OriC), protein DnaA binds and opens the 2x helix.
  2. Helicase (DnaB) is attached to the DNA via assistance from a loder protein (DnaC); single-strand binding proteins are attached as helicase moves forward to stabalize the DNA structure preventing the 2x helix from reforming.
  3. Primase synthesizes DNA polymerase which are then loaded onto the DNA behind Helicase.

pg 173

70
Q

Why are there leading and lagging strands?

A

DNA can only be replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Thus because DNA is also anitparrelel the strand that runs 3’-5’ becomes lagging and is synthesized discontinuously.

pg 174

71
Q

How are errors in DNA replication kept extremely low?

A

Errors in DNA replication result in mutation. These mutations are kept low because DNA polymerases get (2) chances to insert the appropriate base pair:
1. During initial replication
2. During “proof reading”

pg 176

72
Q

What is a theta structure?

A

Replicating molecules characterisitic gemetrical shape, d/t bidirectional replication.

pg 175

73
Q
A

Microbiology (BIOL 261) (1 decks)

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