Chapter 6 Study Guide Flashcards
Vocabulary
Amino Acid
Vocabulary
Aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetase
Vocabulary
Anticodon
Vocabulary
Antiparallel
Vocabulary
Bacteriocin
Vocabulary
Chaperone
Vocabulary
Chromosome
Vocabulary
Codon
Vocabulary
Codon Bias
Vocabulary
Complementary
In referance to DNA
Vocabulary
Denaturation
Vocabulary
DNA
Vocabulary
DNA gyrase
Vocabulary
DNA helicase
Vocabulary
DNA ligase
Vocabulary
DNA polymerase
Vocabulary
Gene
Vocabulary
Genetic code
Vocabulary
Genetic element
Vocabulary
Genome
Vocabulary
Lagging strand
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Leading strand
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
mRNA
Vocabulary
Nonsense codon
Vocabulary
Nucleoside
Vocabulary
Nucleotide
Vocabulary
Open reading frame (ORF)
Vocabulary
Operon
Vocabulary
Peptide bond
Vocabulary
Phosphodiester bond
Vocabulary
Plasmid
Vocabulary
Polypeptide
Vocabulary
Primary structure
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Primase
Vocabulary
Primer
Vocabulary
Promoter
Vocabulary
Protein
Vocabulary
Purine
Vocabulary
Pyrimidine
Vocabulary
Quaternary structure
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Replication
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Replication fork
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Replisome
Vocabulary
rRNA
Vocabulary
Ribosome
Vocabulary
RNA
Vocabulary
RNA polymerase
Vocabulary
Secondary structure
Vocabulary
Semiconservative replication
Vocabulary
Start codon
Vocabulary
Stop codon
Vocabulary
Termination
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Tertiary structure
In re. to DNA
Vocabulary
Transcription
Vocabulary
Transfer RNA
Vocabulary
Translation
Vocabulary
Transposable element
Vocabulary
Wobble
What is a genome, and what is it composed of?
The genome is the complete package of genetic elements and is composed of:
1. Chromosomes>genes>DNA>Nucleotides
Pg. 166-167
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The flow of genetic information is a central process in all cells.
pg. 168
How is DNA both complementary and antiparallel.
DNA is complementary because of the specific base pairing between the pyrimidines and purines.
DNA is antiparrel because of it’s structure. Each strand of DNA begins w/ a 5’-Phosphate and ends w/ a 3’-hydroxyl group. Since the full structure of DNA is composed of 2 strands they must run parallel but in opposite directions otherwise they would repel each other, thus never link.
pg. 167
Why is supercoiling essential to a bacterial cell?
While DNA is small, the shear length of the DNA would be massive w/o supercoils. Further, bacteria DNA is circular and the genome itself is unprotected within the cytoplasm of the cell. Thus supercoiling allows the cell to conserve space within the cytoplasm while still holding all the nessesary DNA codons for life processes.
pg. 167
In referance towards bacterial DNA supercoiling:
What enzyme facilitates this process?
Topoisomerases: inserts and removes supercoils by placing DNA under rotational torsion, typically in a (-) orientation.
(+) orientation is normally seen in archaea.
pg 167
What is a plasmid?
Additional genetic information within the cytoplasm that is not part of the cells actual genome. Plasmids are normally 2x DNA that may have a circular or linear orientation.
Plasmids do not carry genes nessesary for essential life process, however, these genes are typically able to alter the cells physiology, or at least alter it, emparting special functions or processes to the individual cells benefit.
pg 171
What properties does an R-plasmid confer on its host cell?
R-plasmid (a/k/a Resistant-plasmid) are specific plasmids within bacteria that confer a resistance towards antibiotics and/or growth inhibitors via encoding proteins that:
1. inactivate the threat directly.
2. protect the cell via other methods.
pg 171
What is the difference between a template strand and a daughter strand of DNA?
In referance to DNA Replication.
The template strand (parent strand) is the DNA strand that is actually being replicated.
The daughter strand is the other half or complementary strand that forms the double helix seen with DNA
xx=> xy + xz
In what direction does DNA replication occur?
DNA always proceeds from the 5’ to the 3’ regaurdless of the strand
It’s bc of this that there are leading and lagging strands.
pg 172
In DNA replication, what is the primer composed of?
The primer is a nucliec acid that DNA polymerase can attache the first nucleotide. This primer is RNA and is synthesized by primase.
pg 173
What are the steps that initiate DNA replication?
- At the Origin of Replication (OriC), protein DnaA binds and opens the 2x helix.
- Helicase (DnaB) is attached to the DNA via assistance from a loder protein (DnaC); single-strand binding proteins are attached as helicase moves forward to stabalize the DNA structure preventing the 2x helix from reforming.
- Primase synthesizes DNA polymerase which are then loaded onto the DNA behind Helicase.
pg 173
Why are there leading and lagging strands?
DNA can only be replicated in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Thus because DNA is also anitparrelel the strand that runs 3’-5’ becomes lagging and is synthesized discontinuously.
pg 174
How are errors in DNA replication kept extremely low?
Errors in DNA replication result in mutation. These mutations are kept low because DNA polymerases get (2) chances to insert the appropriate base pair:
1. During initial replication
2. During “proof reading”
pg 176
What is a theta structure?
Replicating molecules characterisitic gemetrical shape, d/t bidirectional replication.
pg 175
