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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6: Skeletal System Exam Review > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

arm bones, leg bones, pelvic and shoulder gridles

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs

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3
Q

Articulation

A

aka joints
where bones connect to each other
sometimes points of movement

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4
Q

Bursa

A

sac of synovial membranes beneath tendons

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5
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft along long bones

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6
Q

Epiphyseal

A

discs at the junction of diaphysis w/ each epiphysis

closure of discs means all of cartilage matrix of the discs have been replaced by bone matrix and growth in length stops

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of diaphysis

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8
Q

Fontanel

A

“soft spots”; incomplete ossification of the skull and are areas of fibrous connective tissue
Allows for brain to grow after birth and permits compression of the baby’s head to exit the birthing canal

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9
Q

Haversian system

A

osteons; microscopic cylinders of bone matrix w/ osteocytes in center

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10
Q

Ligament

A

connects bones together

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11
Q

Ossification

A

starts in middle of bone and replaces soft cartilage w/ compact bone

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12
Q

Osteoblast

A

produce bone cells

production of bone matrix is done by osteoblasts

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13
Q

Osteoclast

A

destroy bone cells

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14
Q

Paranasal sinus

A

air cavities in maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

lines bone in areas not covered by articular cartilage
made of fibrous connective tissue
contains collagen that enters the bone itself
anchors the tendons that connect muscle to bone and the ligaments that connect bone to bone

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16
Q

Suture

A

in between cranial bones and are immovable articulations

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17
Q

Synthesis

A

the production of something

ex: protein synthesis

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18
Q

Synovial fluid

A

prevents friction in joint cavities

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19
Q

Red bone marrow

A

principal hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells

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20
Q

Calcium

A

essential for blood clotting and bone structure and excess stored in bones
becomes part of the salts in the bone matrix

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21
Q

Skeleton

A

is framework the supports the body
attached is muscles that move the skeleton
protect internal organs from mechanical injury
Ex: skull protects brain; ribs protect heart, lungs, spleen; and vertebrae protect the spinal cord

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22
Q

Compact bone

A

made of Haversian systems, which are cylindrical arrangements of osteocytes within matrix

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23
Q

Spongy bone

A

contains osteocytes and bone matrix, but these are not arranged in Haversian systems
often contains red bone marrow

24
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells

regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix

25
Q

Bone matrix

A

made of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

26
Q

Long bones

A

bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet

27
Q

Short bones

A

wrist and ankle bones

28
Q

Flat bones

A

pelvic bone, cranial bone, ribs

29
Q

Irregular bones

A

vertebrae, facial bones

30
Q

Articular cartilage

A

provides a smooth surface for joints when moved

covers the joint surfaces of bones

31
Q

Skeleton of Embryo

A

first formed by cartilage and fibrous connective tissue and is gradually replaced by bone in a process called ossification
cranial and facial bones are first made of fibrous connective tissue
ossification begins in the 3rd month of gestation when osteoblasts differentiate from fibroblasts in the centers of bones

32
Q

Vitamin D

A

necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine

33
Q

Vitamin C

A

necessary for the process of bone formation

34
Q

Vitamin A

A

necessary for the process of bone formation

35
Q

Phosphorus

A

becomes part of the salts in the bone matrix

36
Q

Protein

A

becomes part of the collagen in the bone matrix

37
Q

Growth hormone

A

increases protein synthesis and the rate of mitosis of chondrocytes in cartilage
pituitary gland

38
Q

Insulin

A

increases energy production from glucose

pancreas gland

39
Q

Calcitonin

A

decreases the reabsorption of calcium from the bones
thyroid gland
lowers blood calcium level

40
Q

Thyroxine

A

increases protein synthesis and energy production from all food types
thyroxine gland

41
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

decreases the reabsorption of calcium by the small intestine and kidneys
parathyroid gland
raises the blood calcium level

42
Q

Estrogen or Testosterone

A

helps maintain a stable bone matrix and promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones
ovaries or testes gland
causes bones to stop growing

43
Q

Factors of height and bone growth

A

Heredity - height is a genetic characteristics that is regulated by genes inherited from mom and dad
Exercise/Stress - for bones, exercise or stress means bearing weight; without normal stress, bones will lose calcium faster than it is replaced; affected bones develop osteoporosis with brittle, weak bones thus allowing easier breakage/fractures to occur
Nutrition
Hormones
Chemical Communications

44
Q

Ribs/rib cage

A

protects heart, lungs, liver, and spleen from mechanical injury
True ribs = 7
False ribs = 3
Floating ribs = 2

45
Q

Skull

A

protects brain from mechanical injury

46
Q

Ileum, ischium, pubic (pelvic gridle)

A

attaches legs to axial skeleton

47
Q

Clavicle and scapula (shoulder gridle)

A

attaches arm to axial skeleton

48
Q

Bones of Skull

A

Mandible - sockets for teeth
Maxilla - sockets for teeth, forms hard palate of mouth, contains paranasal sinuses
Temporal bone - contain external auditory meatus
Zygomatic - forms points of cheeks
Palatine - forms hard palate of mouth
Ethmoid - contains openings for olfactory nerves, forms nasal septum, contains paranasal sinuses
Vomer - forms nasal septum
Lacrimal bone - contains nasal lacrimal duct
Occipital - contains foramen magnum (which contains the spinal cord)
Sphenoid - protects pituitary gland (Sella tursiea), contains paranasal sinuses
Nasal bones - forms bridge of the nose
Frontal - contains paranasal sinuses

49
Q

Functions of paranasal sinuses

A

lighten weight of bones and resonance for voice

50
Q

Sutures

A 
Squamosal = temporal + parietal bones 
Lambdoidal = occipital + parietal bones 
Coronal = frontal + parietal bones
51
Q

Auditory bones

A

malleus (mallet/hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

52
Q

Functions of vertebral column

A

support trunk and head and to protect the spinal cord from mechanical injury

53
Q

Vertebrae

A

Cervical = 7 (first is called atlas and second is called axis)
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5 (fuse into one bone called sacrum, two hip bones articulate with the sacrum)
Coccygeal = 4-5 (fuse into one bone called the coccyx)
Supportive part called body
Bodies adjacent to vertebrae are separated by discs of cartilage (discs meant to absorb shock and permit slight movement)
Joints between vertebrae called symphysis joints

54
Q

Scapula

A

forms shoulder gridle with clavicle and forms the socket for the humerus

55
Q

Clavicle

A

articulates medially w/ manubrium of sternum and laterally w/ scapula

56
Q

Synovial Joint Parts

A

Articular cartilage - provides smooth surface on the joint surfaces of the bones
Joint capsule - made of fibrous connective tissue; encloses the joint like a sleeve
Synovial membrane - lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid - prevents friction within the joint cavity
Bursae - sacs of synovial fluid that permit tendons to slide easily across the joint

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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