Chapter 6: Skeletal System Exam Review

Question 1

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 1

arm bones, leg bones, pelvic and shoulder gridles

Question 2

Axial Skeleton

Answer 2

skull, vertebrae, ribs

Question 3

Articulation

Answer 3

aka joints
where bones connect to each other
sometimes points of movement

Question 4

Bursa

Answer 4

sac of synovial membranes beneath tendons

Question 5

Diaphysis

Answer 5

shaft along long bones

Question 6

Epiphyseal

Answer 6

discs at the junction of diaphysis w/ each epiphysis

closure of discs means all of cartilage matrix of the discs have been replaced by bone matrix and growth in length stops

Question 7

Epiphysis

Answer 7

ends of diaphysis

Question 8

Fontanel

Answer 8

“soft spots”; incomplete ossification of the skull and are areas of fibrous connective tissue
Allows for brain to grow after birth and permits compression of the baby’s head to exit the birthing canal

Question 9

Haversian system

Answer 9

osteons; microscopic cylinders of bone matrix w/ osteocytes in center

Question 10

Ligament

Answer 10

connects bones together

Question 11

Ossification

Answer 11

starts in middle of bone and replaces soft cartilage w/ compact bone

Question 12

Osteoblast

Answer 12

produce bone cells

production of bone matrix is done by osteoblasts

Question 13

Osteoclast

Answer 13

destroy bone cells

Question 14

Paranasal sinus

Answer 14

air cavities in maxilla, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Question 15

Periosteum

Answer 15

lines bone in areas not covered by articular cartilage
made of fibrous connective tissue
contains collagen that enters the bone itself
anchors the tendons that connect muscle to bone and the ligaments that connect bone to bone

Question 16

Suture

Answer 16

in between cranial bones and are immovable articulations

Question 17

Synthesis

Answer 17

the production of something

ex: protein synthesis

Question 18

Synovial fluid

Answer 18

prevents friction in joint cavities

Question 19

Red bone marrow

Answer 19

principal hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells

Question 20

Calcium

Answer 20

essential for blood clotting and bone structure and excess stored in bones
becomes part of the salts in the bone matrix

Question 21

Skeleton

Answer 21

is framework the supports the body
attached is muscles that move the skeleton
protect internal organs from mechanical injury
Ex: skull protects brain; ribs protect heart, lungs, spleen; and vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Question 22

Compact bone

Answer 22

made of Haversian systems, which are cylindrical arrangements of osteocytes within matrix

Question 23

Spongy bone

Answer 23

contains osteocytes and bone matrix, but these are not arranged in Haversian systems
often contains red bone marrow

Question 24

Osteocytes

Answer 24

bone cells

regulate the amount of calcium in the bone matrix

Question 25

Bone matrix

Answer 25

made of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate

Question 26

Long bones

Answer 26

bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet

Question 27

Short bones

Answer 27

wrist and ankle bones

Question 28

Flat bones

Answer 28

pelvic bone, cranial bone, ribs

Question 29

Irregular bones

Answer 29

vertebrae, facial bones

Question 30

Articular cartilage

Answer 30

provides a smooth surface for joints when moved | covers the joint surfaces of bones

Question 31

Skeleton of Embryo

Answer 31

first formed by cartilage and fibrous connective tissue and is gradually replaced by bone in a process called ossification cranial and facial bones are first made of fibrous connective tissue ossification begins in the 3rd month of gestation when osteoblasts differentiate from fibroblasts in the centers of bones

Question 32

Vitamin D

Answer 32

necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine

Question 33

Vitamin C

Answer 33

necessary for the process of bone formation

Question 34

Vitamin A

Answer 34

necessary for the process of bone formation

Question 35

Phosphorus

Answer 35

becomes part of the salts in the bone matrix

Question 36

Protein

Answer 36

becomes part of the collagen in the bone matrix

Question 37

Growth hormone

Answer 37

increases protein synthesis and the rate of mitosis of chondrocytes in cartilage pituitary gland

Question 38

Insulin

Answer 38

increases energy production from glucose | pancreas gland

Question 39

Calcitonin

Answer 39

decreases the reabsorption of calcium from the bones thyroid gland lowers blood calcium level

Question 40

Thyroxine

Answer 40

increases protein synthesis and energy production from all food types thyroxine gland

Question 41

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 41

decreases the reabsorption of calcium by the small intestine and kidneys parathyroid gland raises the blood calcium level

Question 42

Estrogen or Testosterone

Answer 42

helps maintain a stable bone matrix and promotes closure of the epiphyses of long bones ovaries or testes gland causes bones to stop growing

Question 43

Factors of height and bone growth

Answer 43

Heredity - height is a genetic characteristics that is regulated by genes inherited from mom and dad Exercise/Stress - for bones, exercise or stress means bearing weight; without normal stress, bones will lose calcium faster than it is replaced; affected bones develop osteoporosis with brittle, weak bones thus allowing easier breakage/fractures to occur Nutrition Hormones Chemical Communications

Question 44

Ribs/rib cage

Answer 44

protects heart, lungs, liver, and spleen from mechanical injury True ribs = 7 False ribs = 3 Floating ribs = 2

Question 45

Skull

Answer 45

protects brain from mechanical injury

Question 46

Ileum, ischium, pubic (pelvic gridle)

Answer 46

attaches legs to axial skeleton

Question 47

Clavicle and scapula (shoulder gridle)

Answer 47

attaches arm to axial skeleton

Question 48

Bones of Skull

Answer 48

Mandible - sockets for teeth Maxilla - sockets for teeth, forms hard palate of mouth, contains paranasal sinuses Temporal bone - contain external auditory meatus Zygomatic - forms points of cheeks Palatine - forms hard palate of mouth Ethmoid - contains openings for olfactory nerves, forms nasal septum, contains paranasal sinuses Vomer - forms nasal septum Lacrimal bone - contains nasal lacrimal duct Occipital - contains foramen magnum (which contains the spinal cord) Sphenoid - protects pituitary gland (Sella tursiea), contains paranasal sinuses Nasal bones - forms bridge of the nose Frontal - contains paranasal sinuses

Question 49

Functions of paranasal sinuses

Answer 49

lighten weight of bones and resonance for voice

Question 50

Sutures

Answer 50

``` Squamosal = temporal + parietal bones Lambdoidal = occipital + parietal bones Coronal = frontal + parietal bones ```

Question 51

Auditory bones

Answer 51

malleus (mallet/hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

Question 52

Functions of vertebral column

Answer 52

support trunk and head and to protect the spinal cord from mechanical injury

Question 53

Vertebrae

Answer 53

Cervical = 7 (first is called atlas and second is called axis) Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 Sacral = 5 (fuse into one bone called sacrum, two hip bones articulate with the sacrum) Coccygeal = 4-5 (fuse into one bone called the coccyx) Supportive part called body Bodies adjacent to vertebrae are separated by discs of cartilage (discs meant to absorb shock and permit slight movement) Joints between vertebrae called symphysis joints

Question 54

Scapula

Answer 54

forms shoulder gridle with clavicle and forms the socket for the humerus

Question 55

Clavicle

Answer 55

articulates medially w/ manubrium of sternum and laterally w/ scapula

Question 56

Synovial Joint Parts

Answer 56

Articular cartilage - provides smooth surface on the joint surfaces of the bones Joint capsule - made of fibrous connective tissue; encloses the joint like a sleeve Synovial membrane - lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid Synovial fluid - prevents friction within the joint cavity Bursae - sacs of synovial fluid that permit tendons to slide easily across the joint