Chapter 6 Semantics

Question 1

Anti-Intersection Adjective

Answer 1

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 2

Antonymy or Antonym

Answer 2

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 3

Compositional Meaning

Answer 3

The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meaning of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined

Question 4

Complementary Antonyms

Answer 4

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word,the second word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word.

Question 5

Compositional Semantics

Answer 5

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of phrasal expressions, and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they contain and how they are syntactically combined

Question 6

Entailment

Answer 6

A relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well.

Question 7

Gradable Antonyms

Answer 7

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale. ( Also known as gradable pairs and as scalar antonyms.

Question 8

Hyponymy or Hyponym

Answer 8

A meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 9

Idiom

Answer 9

A multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional.

Question 10

Incompatibility

Answer 10

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 11

Intersective Adjective

Answer 11

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 12

Lexicon Semantics

Answer 12

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions.

Question 13

Lexicon

Answer 13

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning morphological, and syntactic properties. As a part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions.

Question 14

Mental Image Definition

Answer 14

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 15

Mutual Entailment

Answer 15

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 16

Non-Intersection Adjective

Answer 16

An adjective whose reference is subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 17

Proposition

Answer 17

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false.

Question 18

Prototype

Answer 18

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set.

Question 19

Pure Intersection

Answer 19

The relationship between the reference of an adjective an a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and their reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

Question 20

Reference

Answer 20

A component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside word. The collection of all the referents of an expression.

Question 21

Referent

Answer 21

An actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers.

Question 22

Relative Intersection

Answer 22

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.

Question 23

Reverses

Answer 23

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 24

Scalar Antonyms

Answer 24

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale

Question 25

Sense

Answer 25

A mental representation of an expression’s meaning.

Question 26

Sister Terms

Answer 26

Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy i.e have exactly the same hypernyms.

Question 27

Subsective Adjectives

Answer 27

Adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to.

Question 28

Synonymy or Synonym

Answer 28

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same, For example, couch and sofa are synonyms.

Question 29

Truth Conditions

Answer 29

The set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

Question 30

Usage- Based Definition

Answer 30

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.