chapter 6 (respiration) Flashcards
cellular respiration
- breaks down the energy stored in glucose into smaller packages stored in ATP
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 30 or 32 ATP
GLYCOLYSIS: location
- Cytosol
GLYCOLYSIS: inputs
- Glucose
- 2 ADP + Pi
- NAD+ + H+
GLYCOLYSIS: outputs
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 ATP
- NADH
GLYCOLYSIS: ATP yield
- 2 ATP
KREBS CYCLE: location
- Mitochondrial matrix
KREBS CYCLE: inputs
- 2 Acetyl-CoA
- NAD+ + H+
- FAD + H+
KREBS CYCLE: outputs
- 4 CO2
- 2 ATP
- NADH
- FADH2
KREBS CYCLE: ATP yield
- 2 ATP
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: location
- Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: inputs
- O2 + H+
- 26 or 28 ADP + Pi
- NADH
- FADH2
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: outputs
- H2O
- 26 or 28 ATP
- NAD+ + H+
- FAD + H+
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:
ATP yield
- 26 or 28 ATP
anaerobic fermentation
- breakdown of glucose and ATP production via glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic fermentation: animals
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
- LOCATION: Cytosol
- INPUTS: Glucose
- OUTPUTS: Lactic acid, ATP
anaerobic fermentation: plants
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
- LOCATION: Cytosol
- INPUTS: Glucose
- OUTPUTS: Ethanol, CO2, ATP
Factors that affect cellular respiration: temperature
- cellular respiration rate is highest when temperature aligns with enzymes optimal temperature
Factors that affect cellular respiration: O2 concentration
- low O2 means the cells switches to anaerobic fermentation
- as O2 levels rise aerobic respiration increases
- plateaus
- increases O2 does not always increase rate
Factors that affect cellular respiration: glucose
- increased glucose increased rate
- decreased glucose decreased rate
- reached saturation point and operating at maximum rate
HOW TO CREATE: biofuels
- deconstruction
- digestion of enzymes
- ethanol fermentation
- purification and dehydration
Factors that affect enzyme function: temperature
- activity of an enzyme if affected by temperature
- if it gets to hot it might denature (active site is has conformational change and substrate can not fit)
- each enzyme has its own optimal temperature
- if it’s too cold the rate slows down
Factors that affect enzyme function: PH
- if it becomes too acidic or basic the enzyme can denature
Factors that affect enzyme function: concentration
- as substrate concentration increases so does reaction rate
- until the saturation point is reached.
ENZYME CONCENTRATION
- larger number of active sites
Factors that affect enzyme function: COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
- the inhibitor binds to the active site blocking the substrate meaning no reaction will occurs (called competitive due to both the inhibitor and substrate competing for the active site)
Factors that affect enzyme function: NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
- Interferes with in enzyme by binding to another site that is not the active site
- causing conformational change
- this prevents the substrate from binding
