Chapter 6: Renal + Urinary Drugs

Question 1

Hematuria

Answer 1

Blood in the urine

Question 2

Incontinence

Answer 2

Contractions are normal, but bladder and urethral functions are abnormal. The bladder fills with urine, contractions occur more frequently, and bladder capacity decreases, the detrusor muscle and urethral sphincter are not coordinated resulting in interrupted, incomplete, and involuntary urination.

Question 3

Erythropoietin

Answer 3

A glycoprotein hormone secreted mainly by the kidney; it acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.

Question 4

Furosemide

Answer 4

Classification: Loop Diuretic
Use: treat congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, udder edema, hypercalcemic nephropathy, uremia
Precautions: hypokalemia

Question 5

Mannitol

Answer 5

Classification: Osmotic Diuretic
Use: oliguric renal failure, reduction of intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure, and rapid reduction of edema or ascites
Precautions: should not be used in patients with anuria secondary to renal failure

Question 6

Spironolactone

Answer 6

Classification: Potassium - Sparing Diuretic
Use: manage edema or fluid retention due to congestive heart failure, ascites, and hypertension
Precautions: uncommon, but hyperkalemia may result if administered with potassium or ACE inhibitors

Question 7

Hydrochlorothiazide

Answer 7

Classification: Thiazide Diuretic
Use: treat nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and hypertension in dogs
Precautions: hypokalemia if therapy is prolonged

Question 8

Dichlorphenamide
(Daranide)

Answer 8

Classification: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor
Use: open-angle glaucoma
Precautions: hypokalemia, contraindicated in patients with hyperchloremic acidosis

Question 9

Bethanechol

Answer 9

Classification: Cholinergic Agonist
Use: to increase contractility of the urinary bladder
Precautions: cholinergic toxicity, should not be used in patients with gastrointestinal obstructions if the integrity of the urinary bladder is unknown

Question 10

Propantheline

Answer 10

Classification: Anticholinergic Drug
Use: treat urge incontinence by promoting the retention of urine in the urinary bladder
Precautions: decreased gastric motility, delayed gastric emptying, could decrease absorption of other meds

Question 11

Phenoxybenzamine
(Dibenzyline)

Answer 11

Classification: Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonist
Use: reduce internal sphincter tone is in hypertonus, treat urinary retention due to functional urethral obstruction
Precautions: increased ocular pressure, tachycardia, nasal congestion

Question 12

Prazosin
(Minipress)

Answer 12

Classification: Alpha-Adrenergic Anatongist
Use: controls moderate to severe hypertension
Precautions: may be a complicating factor in chronic renal failure, rapid decrease in blood pressure, resulting in weakness or syncope after the first dose.

Question 13

Benazepril
(Lotensin)

Answer 13

Classification: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
Use: treat heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, and protein-losing glomerulonephropathies
Precautions: complications in patients with renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys

Question 14

Enalapril
(Enacard)

Answer 14

Classification: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor
Use: treat heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, and protein-losing glomerulonephropathies
Precautions: complications in patients with renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys

Question 15

Propanolol

Answer 15

Classification: Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Use: control mild to moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure
Precautions: decreased cardiac output and the promotion of bronchospasm, caution should be used with cardiac or pulmonary disease

Question 16

Hydralazine
(Apresoline)

Answer 16

Classification: Vasodilator
Use: treat nonresponding hypertension
Precautions: hypotension, edema, conduction disturbances, heart failure, bradycardia

Question 17

Amlodipine
(Norvasc)

Answer 17

Classification: Calcium Channel Blocker
Use: treat nonresponding hypertension
Precautions: hypotension, edema, conduction disturbances, heart failure, bradycardia

Question 18

Allopurinol
(Zyloprim)

Answer 18

Classification: Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
Use: uric acid reducer in dogs, cats, reptiles, and birds
Precautions: uncommon, but because excretion occurs via kidneys the dose may be altered for patients with renal insufficiency, should not be used in red-tailed hawks

Question 19

Urinary Acidifier Diets

Answer 19

Use: produce acid urine and assist in dissolving and preventing the formation of struvite uroliths
Precautions: GI upset

Question 20

Estriol
(Incurin)

Answer 20

Classification: short-acting estrogen drug
Use: treat urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs
Precautions: contraindicated in patients with severe cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension

Question 21

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
(Proin)

Answer 21

Classification: Sympathomimetic
Use: urethral sphincter hypotonus
Precautions: caution when using in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, or hypertension

Question 22

Diethylstilbestrol
(DES)

Answer 22

Classification: Synthetic estrogen hormone
Use: treat urinary incontinence in spayed females
Precautions: should be used at low doses to avoid toxicity and bone marrow suppression