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Microbiology > Chapter 6 - Principles of Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Principles of Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

A process that harvests energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose, using it to synthesize ATP

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2
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

A process that utilizes energy stored in ATP to synthesize and assemble the subunits of macromolecules that make up the cell; Biosynthesis

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3
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy

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4
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that consumes energy

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5
Q

What is an oxidation reaction?

A

a

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6
Q

What is a reduction reaction?

A

a

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7
Q

What is a dehydrogenation reaction?

A

a

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8
Q

What is a hydrogenation reaction?

A

a

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9
Q

Describe Substrate-level phosphorylation.

A

a

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10
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation.

A

a

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11
Q

Describe photophosphorylation.

A

a

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12
Q

What are enzymes and how are they named?

A

They are biological catalysts that has a name that reflects its function and ends in -ase

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13
Q

What is an active site?

A

The place where a substrate binds on an enzyme

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14
Q

Are enzymes highly specific?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Is an enzyme used up in the catalytic process?

A

no

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16
Q

What happens when a substrate binds to an active site?

A

The enzyme changes shape slightly

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17
Q

What is the term for the role of enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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18
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up conversion of substrate into product by lowering activation energy

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19
Q

What do cofactors do?

A

Assist different enzymes

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20
Q

What are some examples of cofactors?

A

magnesium, zinc, copper, other trace elements

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21
Q

What is an example of coenzymes?

A

FAD, NAD+, NADP+, many are vitamin derived

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22
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A

Temperature, pH, salt concentration

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23
Q

How much of an increase in speed of enzymatic reactions is seen in an increase of 10˚C?

A

It doubles the speed

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24
Q

What happens to proteins at high temperatures?

A

They are denatured

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25
Q

True or False? Low salt and neutral pH are usually optimal.

A

True

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26
Q

What does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

It binds to the active site and blocks the substrate

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27
Q

What is a characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

A

They have chemical structures close to that of the substrate

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28
Q

What do non-competitive inhibitors do?

A

Bind to sites other than the active site and alter shape or function

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29
Q

What is an allosteric inhibitor?

A

one thats action is reversible, usually seen at enzyme a, the first, and allows feedback inhibition

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30
Q

What is a poison of non-competitive inhibition?

A

mercury, cystine, and the enzyme changes shape and becomes nonfunctional

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31
Q

What are possible energy sources for prokaryotes?

A

Sunlight, organic compounds (glucose, polysaccharides, proteins, lipids), and Inorganic compounds (H2S, NH3)

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32
Q

How is energy harvested from chemicals through respiration and fermentation?

A

Through removing electrons from series of oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions

33
Q

What is reducing power?

A

electrons easily transfer to molecules, raising energy of recipient molecule

34
Q

What are some Electron carriers?

A

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2

35
Q

What is the difference between NADH and FADH2 and NADPH

A

NADH and FADH2 are used to drive proton motive force for ATP synthesis and NADPH is used in biosynthesis

36
Q

How is energy provided inSubstrate-level phosphorylation?

A

exergonic reactions provide energy

37
Q

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Proton motive force from ETC

38
Q

What is Photophosphorylation?

A

sunlight used to create proton motive force

39
Q

What are precursor metabolites?

A

intermediates of catabolism that can be used in anabolism

40
Q

What is the formula for Aerobic Respiration of Glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

41
Q

What steps are taken in aerobic respiration of glucose?

A
  1. Glycolysis/Pentose phosphate pathway
  2. a) Transition Step b) Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)/Krebs cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain (O2 terminal e- acceptor)
42
Q

True or False? Glycolysis only takes place aerobically.

A

False, it takes place anaerobically and aerobically

43
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP, 2 Reducing agents (2NADH + 2H+), and 6 precursor metabolites (5 intermediates of glycolysis as well as pyruvate, used by E. coli)

44
Q

Where does the transition step take place?

A

the cytoplasm of bacteria

45
Q

What are the end products of the transition step?

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH

46
Q

What does the TCA cycle complete?

A

the oxidation of glucose

47
Q

What does the TCA cycle produce?

A

4 CO2, 2 ATP (substrate level), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and precursor metabolites

48
Q

Who proposed the process of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Peter Mitchell

49
Q

What is the theory called today?

A

The chemiosmotic theory

50
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

membrane-embedded electron carriers

51
Q

Where does the ETC take place in prokaryotes?

A

The cytoplasmic membrane

52
Q

Where does the ETC take place in eukaryotes?

A

The mitochondrial membrane

53
Q

What is a characteristic of ubiquinone?

A

It can move freely in the membrane

54
Q

What are the components of the ETC and their functions?

A

Quinones - lipid soluble molecules that move freely and transfer electrons between complexes
Cytochromes - contain heme, molecule with iron at center and there are several types
Flavoproteins - proteins to which a flavin is attached, FAD, other flavins synthesized from riboflavin

55
Q

How many protons are needed to form one ATP?

A

3

56
Q

How many ATP are made from each electron pair from NADH?

A

3

57
Q

How many ATP are made from each electron pair from FADH2?

A

2

58
Q 
Fill in the blanks:
Glycolysis: \_\_NADH-->\_\_ATP
Transition Step: \_\_NADH-->\_\_ATP
TCA cycle: \_\_NADH-->\_\_ATP
                \_\_FADH2-->\_\_ATP
Total yield form oxidative phosphorylation: \_\_ATP
A 
2, 6
2, 6
6, 18
2, 4
34
59
Q 
Fill in the blanks for Substrate Level Phosphorylation:
\_\_ATP from glycolysis; net gain
\_\_ATP from TCA cycle
-----------------------------------
\_\_ATP total
A

2
2
4

60
Q

What changes in anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic compounds are used as final electron acceptors

61
Q

What can serve as final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A

NO3, SO4, CO3 and produce N2, H2S

62
Q

How many ATP are produced by anaerobic respiration?

A

Average of 32-34 ATP

63
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Anaerobic respiration harvests ____ energy from glucose than aerobic respiration but ____ energy than fermentation.

A

Less, More

64
Q

Describe the catabolism of polysaccharides and disaccharides.

A

Amylases digest starch and cullulases digest cellulose

65
Q

Describe the catabolism of lipids.

A

They are hydrolyzed by lipases, and glycerol is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which enters glycolysis
Fatty acids are degraded by B-oxidation to enter TCA cycle

66
Q

Describe the catabolism of Proetins.

A

Hydrolyzed by proteases and the amino group is deaminated

converted into precursor molecules

67
Q

What are Chemolithotrophs?

A

prokaryotes that can use reduced inorganic compounds as sources of energy (H2S, NH3)

68
Q

What are the 4 groups of chemolithotrophs?

A
  1. Hydrogen Bacteria
  2. Sulfur bacteria
  3. Iron bacteria
  4. Nitrifying bacteria
69
Q

When does fermentation happen?

A

when respiration is not an option

70
Q

What is special about E. coli?

A

it can undergo aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

71
Q

What is special about Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

It lacks an electron transport chain

72
Q

What pathways can pyruvate go into in fermentation?

A

Lactic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, propionic acid, mixed acids, and 2,3-butanediol

73
Q

What are end products of Lactic acid ?

What organisms use this?

A

lactic acid

streptococcus and lactobacillus

74
Q

What are end products of Ethanol ?

What organisms use this?

A

ethanol, CO2

saccharomyces

75
Q

What are end products of Butyric acid ?

What organisms use this?

A

butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropanol, CO2, H2

clostridium

76
Q

What are end products of Propionic acid ?

What organisms use this?

A

propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2

propionibacterium

77
Q

What are end products of Mixed acids ?

What organisms use this?

A

acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, ethanol, CO2, H2

E. coli

78
Q

What are end products of 2,3-Butanediol ?

What organisms use this?

A

CO2, H2

Enterobacteriacea

Microbiology (9 decks)

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