Chapter 6: PLant Nutrition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants synthesise carbohydrates and other raw materials using energy from light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chlorophyll

A

the chlorophyll of the plant’s leaves, water and carbon dioxide react together to make carbohydrates and oxygen.
Chlorophyll is able to capture energy from sunlight. When it has done this it immediately passes the energy on (transfers it) to water molecules and carbon dioxide molecules. The energy makes the substances react producing a kind of carbohydrate called glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

formula of photosynthesis

A

6C02 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Like all organisms, photosynthesis requires enzymes to help it take place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to the two products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen is released into the atmosphere or into the water if the plant is aquatic.
Glucose is used for many different purposes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

releasing useful energy

A

glucose is used to provide energy for various activities that the cells have to undertake. For example, energy is needed to move the mineral ions into the rot hair cells by active transport or for building protein molecules from amino acids for growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

storing for use later

A

Pants usually make more glucose than they need to use for energy later. they store this as starch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are starch molecules made?

A

They are made by linking many molecules together to make a long spiral chain. Millions of these molecules come together to (clump) to make a starch grain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Starch grains

A

they are not soluble in water so they do not get involved in chemical reactions taking place inside the plant cells.
They also do not affect the concentration of solutions inside the cell so they do not cause water to enter or leave by osmosis.
the starch molecules can easily be broken down into glucose molecules went the plant needs them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

making sucrose for transport

A

Plants can only make glucose in parts where chlorophyll is present which is the leaves.
And so in order to transport the glucose to other parts of the plant, glucose is changed into a sugar with larger molecules called sucrose.
The sucrose is carried from one part of the plant to another inside tubes called phloem tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sucrose

A

a sugar whole molecule is made of glucose and another similar molecule (fructose) liked together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

making cellulose

A

Cellulose is required to make new cell walls for new cells.
Cellulose is made of linking long chains to stay straight rather than coil in spirals like starch is made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Making nectar

A

Many plants reproduce sexually making male and female gametes in flowers. unlike animal gametes, male gametes cannot move from place to place so the pant relies on insects, bats or birds to carry them, inside pollen grains from one flower to another.
Flowers produce nectar that animals can feed on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nectar

A

a sweet liquid secreted by many insects pollinated flowers to attract their pollinators.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

making amino acids

A

Glocuse is used to make amino acids which in is turn used to make proteins for growth.
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The source of nitrogen the plants get is present in the soil in the form of nitrate ions.
These ions are taken up by active transport through the root hairs where they are transported to all parts of the pant to be combined with glucose to make amino acids.
Without nitrates ions, the pant cannot synthesise proteins and therefore be unable to grow quickly or strongly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Glucose is used to make chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is not a protein but it contains nitrogen and magnesium. Without magnesium ions, the leaves will start to look yellow rather than green. If a pant cannot make enough chlorophyll it will not photosynthesis well and therefore will not grow well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

nitrates

A

nitrogen
used to make amino acids for proteins that are used for plant growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

phosphates

A

phosphorous
for proteins, respiration and growth used for making DNA and RNA and cell membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

potassium compounds

A

for respirations and photosynthesis, needed for enzymes involved in respiration and photosynthesis

18
Q

magnesium compounds

A

for photosynthesis and making of chlorophyll.

19
Q

NPK values

A

shows the relative portion of N, P, and K present in the fertiliser which helps farmers choose the right fertilizer as per the soil conditions in their fields.
Plants like tomatoes do need soil to grow - hydroponic.

20
Q

what is mineral deficiency?

A

is when the plant lacks enough of the mineral from the soil hence decreasing their healthy growth.

21
Q

mg deficiency

A

yellow leaves

22
Q

ph deficiency

A

poor growth of roots, discoloured leaves

23
Q

PO deficiency

A

poor growth of fruits, flowers, discoloured leaves

24
Q

N deficiency

A

yellow leaves, poor, growth

25
Q

structure of the leaf

A

a leaf consists of a broad flat part which is joined to the rest of the plant by a leaf stalk.
Inside the stalk area collections of parallel tubes called vascular bundles also form the veins of the leaf.
The tubes in the vascular bundles carry substances to and from the leaf.

26
Q

Chrlophyll leaf

A

Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts that are present in the leaf cells. Chlorophyll is spread out on membranes so that a lot of sunlight can reach it. And also so it can also capture light from different parts of the sun’s spectrum.

27
Q

vascular bundles

A

collections of xylem tubes and phloem vessels running side by side which form veins of the leaves.

28
Q

Adaptations of leaves

A

Most leaves have a large surface area and are very thin.
A very large surface area allows large amounts of sunlight to fall onto the leaf. The large surface area also increases the rate at which carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf from the air.
The sunlight can pass right through the leaf allowing many leaves to photosynthesis and the thinness also helps CO2 to reach all the cells quickly by diffusion

29
Q

upper epidermis

A

Cells and packed tightly together to reduce the quantity of water vapour from escaping from the leaf.
They do not contain chloroplasts so they cannot photosynthesis.
The cells secrete a waxy instance which forms a thin, transparent, waterproof layer called the cuticle.

30
Q

palisade mesophyll layer

A

Below the upper epidermal layer.
Made up of tall narrow cells containing a very large number of chloroplasts.
Their main function is photosynthesis.
As they are close to the top of the leaf they get plenty of sunlight. The transparent epidermis cells above them let the light through easily.

31
Q

Spongy mesophyll layer

A

Below the palisade mesophyll layer.
The cells in this tissue also contain chloroplasts but as many in the palisade mesophyll cells.
They are not as tightly packed either.
There are many airspaces between them that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse between the air and the cells inside the leaf.
The spaces also allow vapour to move from the surface of the cells to the outside of the leaf.
Allows for very large internal structure to surface area.

32
Q

lower epidermis

A

the bottom of the leaf is covered in a tissue similar to eh upper epidermis.
on some leaves, the cuticle is present, although it is not required.
as the underside of the leaf does not have sunlight falling on it does not get as hot and therefore does not lose as much water vapour.
There are openings called stomata, each stoma is surrounded by a pair of guard cells (they do not have any chloroplasts).
The guard cells change their shape which can open and close the stoma.
The stomata allow for the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the leaf.
Water vapour also diffuses out the leaf through the stomata.

33
Q

stomata

A

openings in the surface of the leaf most commonly on the lower surface; they are surrounded by pairs of guard cells which control whether the stomata are open or closed.

34
Q

guard cells

A

a pair of cells that surrounds a stoma and controls its opening; guard cells are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts.

35
Q

hydrogen carbonate indicator

A

purple - no CO2
red- little CO2 (ordinary air)
yellow- a lot of carbon dioxide

36
Q

limiting factor

A

a factor that is in short supply which stops an activity such as photosynthesis from happening at a faster rate.

37
Q

stomata limiting factor

A

-Stomata often close when the weather is hot and that prevents too much water from being lost.
This means that on a really hot or bright day, photosynthesis may slow down.

38
Q

imp statement for limiting factor graphs

A

The rate of photosynthesis increases linearly as the concentration of CO2/ intensity of light increases until a certain point at which the factor is no longer a limiting factor and hence the rate falls into a constant.

39
Q

experiment on testing for starch

A

-Fill a beaker with water and boil it. Place the leaf in the water using forceps for 1 to 2 minutes.
(this denatures the enzymes and stops chemical reactions).
-Put the leaf into a boiling tube and pour enough ethanol to fully immerse/ submerge the leaf.
-Place the boiling tube into a beaker of boiling water.
(A water bath is used to prevent any fire hazards from occurring due to ethanol being flammable).
-Remove the heat when the alcohol boils.
-Re-introduce the flame when ethanol stops boiling. Repeat until the leaf is completely discoloured.
(When chlorophyll has been removed (leaf looks while) remove the leaf from ethanol (the leaf is brittle). (Ethanol extracts water from the leaf).
-Dip the leaf into the water to soften it and make it permeable.
-Using a pipette add iodine solution to the leaf structure. A blue-black indicated that starch is present.

Ethanol is green in colour due to the green pigment chlorophyll leaving the leaf and getting suspended in the ethanol.
-Blue-black when iodine is added to the leaf.
-It shows that starch is present in leaves (depending on the amount of light, the increase of starch changes).

40
Q

Experiment 2: to show CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis

A

Set up the experiment as shown above and exposed to light for 2-6 hours. Obtain a leaf and test for starch.

41
Q

experiment 3: to show chlorophyll is present

A

leaf plant for 2-6 hours in the light.
Remove one leaf and show the green and non-green parts of the leaves
-Test leaf for starch.

42
Q

Experiment 4: Showing that oxygen is given during photosynthesis

A

Set up the experiment as shown. Expose it to light for 2 hours. The gas relights the glowing splint when in the presence of oxygen or makes it glow brighter.