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Introduction to Audiology > Chapter 6: Physiological Tests of the Auditory System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Physiological Tests of the Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Immittance

A

term to describe the measurements made of the tympanic membrane impedance, compliance, or admittance

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2
Q

Acoustic Immittance

A

Can indirectly determine middle ear function based on tympanic membrane measurements

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3
Q

Measurements of Acoustic Immittance Meters

A

Static acoustic compliance, tympanometry, acoustic reflex

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4
Q

Contributors to Impedance

A

The impedance of any object is determined by its frictional resistance, mass, and stiffness

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5
Q

Resistance in the ear

A

determined primarily by the ligaments that support the three bones in the middle-ear cavity

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6
Q

Mass in the ear

A

determined primarily by the weight of these three bones and the weight of the tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Stiffness in the ear

A

determined primarily by the load of fluid pressure from the inner ear on the base of the stapes, the most medial bone of the middle ear

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8
Q

Equipment

A

-Three rubber tubes attached to a metal ear probe
-Miniature loud-speaker: emits a pure tone (typically at 220 or 226 Hertz)
-Tiny microphone: picks up the sound in the external ear canal
-Air pump: creates either positive or negative air pressure within the canal
-A plastic or rubber cuff of an appropriate size is placed around the probe to attain an hermetic (air tight) seal

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9
Q

Static Acoustic Compliance

A

Compliance is comprised of two automatic measures that can tell the equivalent volume of the external ear canal and the mobility (compliance) of the tympanic membrane (T M).

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10
Q

Measure 1 of SAC

A

The immittance meter takes a first reading c1 with the TM mobility decreased due to the positive pressure (+200 daPa) introduced into the ear canal

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11
Q

Measure 2 of SAC

A

The second measure (determination of c2) is attained when the pressure in the external ear canal is decreased until the T M achieves maximum compliance (equal pressure on both sides)

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12
Q

High c1 readings in SAC

A

Indicative of a TM perforation or presence of a patent (open) ventilation tube.

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13
Q

What does c1 represent

A

compliance of the middle ear and reflects the equivalent volume of the external ear canal in cubic centimeters

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14
Q

What does C2 represent in SAC

A

The compliance of the outer ear and middle ear combined

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15
Q

What does cx represent in SAC

A

Middle ear compliance

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16
Q

Very low middle ear compliance

A

suggests a change in the stiffness, mass, or resistance of the middle ear system as may be seen with fluid accumulation in the middle-ear space

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17
Q

Very high middle ear compliance

A

suggests abnormal elasticity of the TM or a disruption in the normal connections of the middle-ear bones

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18
Q

Tympanometry

A

Measurement of middle-ear pressure, determined by the mobility (compliance) of the T M as a function of various amounts of positive and negative air pressure in the external ear canal

19
Q

Type A Tympanogram

A

normal middle-ear function
Peak pressure near 0 daPa

20
Q

Type As Tympanogram

A

Shallow peak compliance, but normal middle ear pressure
Characteristic of stiffness of the middle-ear system

21
Q

Type Ad Tympanogram

A

High amplitude of curve
Normal peak pressure
Potential separation of middle-ear bones or tympanic membrane flaccidity

22
Q

Type B Tympanogram

A

No peak pressure or compliance reading
Tympanogram looks flat
Potential fluid in middle ear space, ear wax occlusion, or hole in the TM

23
Q

Type C Tympanogram

A

Peak pressure below negative 200 daPa
Reflection of negative pressure in the middle-ear cavity

24
Q

Acoustic Reflex

A

-Stapedius muscle contracts reflexively and bilaterally in response to an intense sound presented to either ear
-Causes tympanic membrane to stiffen and decrease in compliance

25
Q

Acoustic Reflex Threshold

A

the lowest level at which an acoustic reflex can be obtained

26
Q

Acoustic reflex threshold for normal hearing

A

bilateral reflexes 85-100dB

27
Q

Acoustic Reflex Decay

A

-A test to see how well the muscles hold on to the contraction produced by the loud stimulus
-Positive decay is bad

28
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

29
Q

Contralateral

A

opposite side

30
Q

Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs)

A

The normal cochlea’s production of a sound response immediately following stimulation. Reflect activity of the outer hair cells

31
Q

Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions (SOAEs)

A

Occur when a cochlea produces sounds in the absence of external stimulation
Occur in over half of the population of normal hearing individuals

32
Q

Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions (TEAOEs)

A

-More of a screening approach.
-Broadband clicks
-Present in individuals with hearing thresholds less than 40 dB

33
Q

Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs)

A

-Favored approach because it is more frequency specific.
-More diagnostic in it’s approach.
-Tone
-Present in individuals with hearing thresholds less than 40 dB to 50dB

34
Q

What does the presence of an EOAE suggest

A

-very little or no conductive hearing loss caused by middle ear abnormality
-the responding frequency regions of the cochlea are normal or exhibit no more than mild hearing loss

35
Q

EOAE present in sensory/neural hearing loss suggests

A

outer hair cell function is intact and the locus of the disorder is known to be retrocochlear

36
Q

Absent EOAEs in sensory/neural hearing loss suggests

A

Confirm cochlear pathology but do not rule out the possibility of concomitant retrocochlear involvement.

37
Q

Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs)

A

analyze the electric activity of the brain when stimulated by acoustic stimuli

38
Q

AEP Tests

A

ECoG: Electrocochleography
ABR: Auditory brain-stem response
AMLR: Auditory middle latency response
ALR: Auditory late response

39
Q

Electrocochleography (ECoG)

A

The procedure of measuring electrical responses from the cochlea of the inner ear

40
Q

Auditory Brain Stem Response (ABR)

A

-The procedure of analyzing the integrity of the auditory brain-stem pathway using broadband clicks, tone pips, or bursts
-Analyze wave V (5). Sound is heard if wave five is present.

41
Q

Auditory Steady State Response (ASSR)

A

-AEP used for threshold determination for children.
-Evokes a steady state neural response

42
Q

Auditory Middle Latency Response (AMLR)

A

-Assesses middle latency responses, which occur between 15 and 60 milliseconds after signal presentation

43
Q

Auditory Late Responses (ALRs)

A

-Assesses the late cortical auditory-evoked potential, which includes responses that appear at least 60 milliseconds after signal presentation

Introduction to Audiology (13 decks)

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