Chapter 6 Pharmacology Flashcards
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Incontinence
Involuntary urination
Erythropoietin
Hormone that stimulates RBCs
Furosemide
Loop diuretic (highly potent diuretic) Uses: Congestive heart failure. Adverse effects: Hypokalemia
Mannitol
Osmotic Diuretic (exerts high osmotic pressure in tubules and does allow reabsorption Uses: Oliguric renal failure/ reduction of intraocular fluids. Adverse effects: Not for use with patients with renal disease or severely dehydrated patients.
Spironolactone
Potassium-sparing diuretics (weaker diuretic). Uses: Edema or fluid retention due to (CHF). Adverse effects: V/D, dehydration
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide Diuretics (Reduces edema by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium chloride and water works longer than loop diuretics)
Uses: Nephrogenic diabetes, hypertension
Adverse effects: Hypokalemia and hypersensitivity, should not be used in pregnant or severe renal disease patients
Dichlorphenamide
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (decrease the rate of carbonic acid and hydrogen production in the kidney, increases the rate of urine output). Uses: Open-angle glaucoma. Adverse effects: Hypokalemia, contradicted in patients with hyperchloremic acidosis.
Bethanechol
Cholinergic Agonists also known as parasympathetic agents (Promote the function of acetylcholine) Uses: increase the contractility of the urinary bladder.
Adverse effects: Cholinergic toxicity, not for use in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation
Propantheline
Anticholinergic drug (blocks the action of acetylcholine at receptor sites in the parasympathetic system) Uses: Treating incontinence by promoting urine retention in the urinary bladder. Adverse effect: Decreased gastric motility, delayed gastric emptying *decrease absorption of other medications
Phenoxybenzamine
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists (relax vascular smooth muscles, decrease blood pressure) Uses: Reduce internal sphincter tone when the urethral sphincter is in hypertonus- useful in treating urinary retention. Adverse effects: Rapid decrease in blood pressure, should not be used in horses with clinical signs of colic, intraocular pressure, tachycardia, nasal congestion.
Prazosin
“Minipress” Alpha Adrenergic antagonists. Effective in controlling moderate to severe hypertension. Adverse effects: Rapid decrease in blood pressure resulting in weakness or syncope after the first dose of Prazosin.
Benazepril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors “Ace Inhibitors”. Uses: Treat heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, and protein-losing glomerulonephropathies. Adverse effects: Complications in patients with renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys
Enalapril
“Enacard” Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors Uses: Treat heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure, and protein-losing glomerulonephropathies
Adverse effects: Complications in patients with renal insufficiency caused by excretion by the kidneys.
Propanolol
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists> Inhibit the action of catecholamine and other sympathomimetic agents at beta-adrenergic receptor sites *Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Uses: Control of mild to moderate hypertension associated with chronic renal failure. Adverse Effects: Decreased cardiac output and the promotion of bronchospasm,
Caution with use in cardiac or pulmonary disease.
Hydralazine
Vasodilators and Calcium Channel Blockers Uses: Treat non-responding hypertension
Adverse Effects: Hypotension edema, Conduction disturbances, heart failure, and bradycardia. This drug is excreted by kidneys and requires dosage modification when used to treat hypertension in patients with renal failure.
Amlodipine
“Norvasc” Vasodilators and calcium channel blockers. Uses: Treat non-responding hypertension. Adverse Effects: Hypotension edema, Conduction disturbances, heart failure, and bradycardia.
Allopurinol
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors (Decrease the production of uric acid and are used in combination with a urate cellulolytic diet)
Urinary Acidifier Diets (what type of stone they are used to dissolve)
Bladder stones
Estriol (Incurin)
Uses: Muscle relaxant for treating urinary retention in dogs
Adverse effects: reduced apatite and vomiting, should not be used in pregnant dogs
Phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
(Sympathomimetic) Increases urethral sphincter tone, helping to control urinary leakage. Adverse effects: Vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, restlessness
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Effective in managing hormone-responsive urinary incontinence by increasing urethral sphincter tone
Adverse Effects: Blood cell abnormalities, uterine infections
