Chapter 6 part 2

Question 1

Hypodermis

Answer 1

superficial fascia = subcutaneous layer (= subQ layer)
Areolar & adipose CT that is continuous w/ organs
Site of injections due to network of blood supply

Question 2

Skin color

Answer 2

originates from all 3 layers

• Melanin
• Carotene
• Hemoglobin

Question 3

Melanin

Answer 3

brown pigment)
Formed by keratinocytes in epidermis
Amount depends on genetics & UV exposure
Nevus or mole is localized overgrowth of melanin-producing cells

Question 4

Carotene

Answer 4

orange lipid soluble pigment)
Converted to vit A for vision & free radical protection
Stored in S. corneum & hypodermis

Question 5

Hemoglobin

Answer 5

(red to blue)

Blood vessels of dermis & hypodermis

Question 6

Structures derived from epidermis

Answer 6

Nails and Hair

Question 7

Nails

Answer 7

Hard flat modified stratum corneum (keratin) that reinforces fingers & toes & help w/ grasping.
Color indicates blood supply in area
Texture is window to nutrition

Question 8

Hair

Answer 8

Thin strands of hardened keratin produced by hair follicles. Hair is shaft (above epidermal surface), root (from surface to bulb) & bulb.

Question 9

Bulb

Answer 9

has living epi cells but shaft & root are dead epi cells. Bulb is swollen area surrounding hair papilla which contains nerve, blood vessels & CT. Bulb cells mitotically divide, produce keratin, are pigmented by melanocytes of hair papilla, & push older cells towards shaft

Question 10

Hair Follicles

Answer 10

are layers of epi & CT that wrap bulb & dermal root & anchor to hypodermis. Arrector pili anchor to follicle & position hair

Question 11

Hair functions

Answer 11

include protection from sunburn & injury, heat retention, sensory reception, pheromone dispersal, & visual identification.

Question 12

Glands

Answer 12

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Question 13

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Answer 13

are everywhere, but also vent to hair follicle to soften skin & hair.
Secretion is sebum (oil & cell fragments) via holocrine method. Large volumes produced during puberty when steroid hormones are fluctuating are cause of acne.

Question 14

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Answer 14

• Eccrine sweat glands

* Apocrine sweat glands

Question 15

Eccrine sweat glands

Answer 15

are found in palms, soles & forehead. Secrete a watery salty sweat via merocrine methods

Question 16

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 16

are found around nipples & in axillary & anogenital areas. Secrete a viscous & cloudy solution with lipids & proteins that bacteria love

Question 17

Repair of Integument

Answer 17

• Damage
• Coagulation
• Granulation
• Regeneration

Question 18

Damage

Answer 18

Initial cut or damage thru epidermis & dermis causing bleeding

Question 19

Coagulation

Answer 19

Blood vessel damage “calls” army to clot, clean & pull wound together. Internal to clot PMNs & macrophages remove debris.

Question 20

Granulation

Answer 20

new blood vessels grow into wound & fibroblasts quickly secrete collagen & form granulation tissue. Deep clot removed

Question 21

Regeneration

Answer 21

epithelium migrates under scab & displaces it. CT fibrosis continues until complete repair or scar is formed.

Question 22

Skin Cancer

Answer 22

Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma is a killer!

Question 23

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 23

is the least malignant & most common. Origin is S. basale then BCC grows into dermis & hypodermis. Slow, non-metastatic growth & so surgical removal is usually adequate

Question 24

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Answer 24

grows quickly & is metastatic. Origin is S. spinosum, then it metastasizes to deeper layers. Scalp, ears, & lower lip are common sites. Radiation +/- surgery are treatment. In mouth, sun exposure is not a risk factor but alcohol multiples risk for oral tobacco users (snuff…).

Question 25

Melanoma is a killer

Answer 25

Origin is melanocytes in epidermis which are more mitotically active w/ high UV exposures. It is locally invasive & quickly metastasizes. Wide surgical margins, removal of lymph nodes, & combined therapies are treatments.

Question 26

ABCDE rule

Answer 26

A: Asymmetry
B: Border– irregular & indented
C: Color—black, brown, tan, red or blue
D: Diameter > 6 mm
E: Elevation (survival poor if > 4 mm thick)