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Biology GCSE > Chapter 6 Part 1 - Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Part 1 - Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • Deoxyribonucieic acid

- The molecule that carries our genetic information/ inheritance

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2
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Chromosomes are made of DNA. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

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3
Q

What is a section of DNA called?

A

Gene

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in each cell?

A

23 pairs (half from each parent)

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5
Q

What is meant by the word genome?

A

The entire genetic makeup of an organism

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6
Q

Explain the structure of one molecule of DNA

A
  • It consists of 2 strands of repeating units called nucleotides
  • These strands twist to create a double helix
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7
Q

What is one single nucleotide called?

A

monomer or mononucleotide

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8
Q

What are the three components of a mononucleotide?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Sugar
  • Base
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9
Q

What is the bond called that holds the phosphate and sugar together?

A

Ester bond

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10
Q

What is the bond called that holds the base and sugar together?

A

Glycosidic bond

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11
Q

Mononuleotides can join together between the phosphate and sugar of different nucleotides. What is the new structure called?

A

Polymer or polynucleotide

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12
Q

What are the four bases?

A
  • Adenine (purine)
  • Guanine (purine)
  • Cytosine (pyrimidine)
  • Thymine (pyrimidine)
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13
Q

What are the two complimentary base pairs and what bonds hold them together?

A
  • A and T (double hydrogen bond)

- G and C (triple hydrogen bond)

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14
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of 3 bases that code for 1 amino acid

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15
Q

How many types of amino acid are there?

A

20

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16
Q

What are stop codons?

A

Stop codons signal the end of the chain has been reached during protein synthesis

17
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA = rewrites sequence of bases of a section of DNA (formed in nucleus)
  • rRNA = ribosomes are made up of rRNA and proteins
  • tRNA = pick up specific amino acids from cytoplasm to bring to the surface of a ribosome where they are joined in a specific order to make a specific protein
18
Q

What are the two major processes in protein synthesis?

A
  • Transcription: makes copy of the DNA called mRNA

- Translation: the mRNA is read by ribosomes to produce a protein

19
Q

What are exons?

A

The coding parts of DNA

20
Q

What are introns?

A

The non-coding regions of DNA

21
Q

What determines what protein is formed?

A

The order and combination of bases determine which amino acids are made, and then the order and combination of the amino acids determines the protein created

22
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the sequence of DNA bases

23
Q

How do mutations occur?

A

They are random and occur continuously.

24
Q

What is the affect of mutations?

A

Can have no effect but can also seriously affect a protein as it could affect its ability to before its function e.g. enzyme with different active site.

25
Q

What are the three ways mutations occur?

A
  • Insertions = an extra base is inserted randomly into the chain
  • Deletions = a random base is deleted from the sequence
  • Substutions = a random base is changed to a different base
26
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes. The fusion of the gametes is called fertilisation.

27
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent so no fusion of gametes. Asexual reproduction usually consists of mitosis.

28
Q

Asexual vs Sexual

A

S = variation A = identical offspring
S = 2 parents A = 1 parent
A is faster than S

29
Q

What are gametes produced by?

A

Meiosis

30
Q

How does meiosis happen?

A
  1. Genetic info is duplicated
  2. First division of cell into 2 daughter cells
  3. Second division - chromosomes pulled apart
  4. Four gametes produced with only a single set of chromosomes - each is genetically different
31
Q

What chromosome pair do you have when your a male?

A

XY

32
Q

What chromosome pair do you have when your a female?

A

XX

Biology GCSE (9 decks)

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