Chapter 6: New Industrial Age

Question 1

Successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near Titusville, PA

Answer 1

Edwin L. Drake

Question 2

Developed by Henry Bessemer (British manufacturer) and William Kelly (American Iron maker) around 1850. This was injecting air into molten iron to remove impurities. Became widely used by 1880.

Answer 2

Bessemer Process

Question 3

Established world’s first research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ. (1876) When he was there he perfected the incandescent light bulb (patented 1880). Then created an electrical power system to distribute and producing electricity.

Answer 3

Thomas Alva Edison

Question 4

Invented typewriter - 1867

Answer 4

Christopher Shopes

Question 5

Invented the telephone w/ Thomas Watson in 1876.

Answer 5

Alexander Graham Bell

Question 6

Railroad stretching all across the country. West to the Mississippi, crosses the Missouri, meets at the promontory, Utah.

Answer 6

Transcontinental Railroad

Question 7

Place where the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad meet (joined on May 10, 1869).

Answer 7

Promontory, Utah

Question 8

Noon was when the sun was directly overhead. So every community’s time was different. 1869- Professor C.F. Dowd created the four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Adopted this as a nation standard in 1918.

Answer 8

Railroad time (time zones)

Question 9

1880- Built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. This town provides basic needs for the workers. People wanted __________ to lower rent prices of the houses/apartments after lowering the workers’ pay, but he refused. Started huge, violent strike in 1894.

Answer 9

George M. Pullman

Question 10

1864- A construction company formed by stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad. They gave the company a contract to lay down track at two to three times the cost. Kept the profits and donated them to 20 Congress representatives in 1867.

Answer 10

Credit Mobilier

Question 11

Farmers’ organization founded in 1867.

Answer 11

Grange

Question 12

Members of the Grange.

Answer 12

Grangers

Question 13

Misuse of government land grants, fixed prices to keep farmers in their debt, charged different rates for different customers.

Answer 13

Railroad Abuses

Question 14

Grangers fight back the railroad abuses with political action. They pressed for laws to protect their (Grangers’) interests. States won the right to regulate railroad to benefit farmers and consumers.

Answer 14

Munn vs. Illinois decision of 1877.

Question 15

Congress passed this in 1877. Reestablished the right of the federal government to watch railroad activity.

Answer 15

Interstate Commerce Act of 1877

Question 16

Worked his way to be private secretary to the local superintendent of the PA railroad. Was eventually able to buy stock and have a dividend of the railroad. In 1873, he entered steel business. 1899, __________ Steel Company manufactured more steal then all the factories in Great Britain. __________ became a very rich and very successful man. He did donate money to charities.

Answer 16

Andrew Carnegie

Question 17

Process where Carnegie brought out his suppliers to control the raw materials and transportation systems.

Answer 17

Vertical Integration

Question 18

Companies producing similar products merge.

Answer 18

Horizontal Integration

Question 19

Grew out of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution. People are subject to natural selection.

Answer 19

Social Darwinism

Question 20

Complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices.

Answer 20

Monopoly

Question 21

Corporation that only bought out other company’s stock.

Answer 21

Holding Company

Question 22

Was head of one of the most successful holding companies, US Steel. In 1901, it brought out Carnegie Steel.

Answer 22

J.P. Morgan

Question 23

Established the Standard Oil Company and the Rockefeller Foundation. SOC controlled 90% of the oil refining business. Gave away over $500 million to the RF, providing fund to create University of Chicago, and create a medical institute.

Answer 23

John D. Rockefeller

Question 24

Someone that gets a lot of money by “ruthless means”.

Answer 24

Robber Barons

Question 25

Made it illegal to form a trust that interferes with free trade between states or other countries.

Answer 25

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Question 26

Workshops in tenements rather than in factories.

Answer 26

Sweatshops

Question 27

Rooms or rooms making separate residence in a house/apartment.

Answer 27

Tenement

Question 28

When workers joined together to try and improve things like wages and working conditions.

Answer 28

Labor Unions

Question 29

First large scale labor Union founded in 1866 by iron worker William H. Sylvis. They persuaded congress to legalize an eight hour day for government workers. 640,000 members.

Answer 29

National Labor Union

Question 30

1869, Uriah Stephens, “an injury to one is an injury to all.” Was open to anyone (race, gender, and degree of skill didn’t matter.) “Equal pay for equal work” for men and women. 700,000 members, declined after no results from strikes.

Answer 30

Knights of Labor

Question 31

Samuel Gompers (Jewish immigrant) in 1886. Focusing on bargaining and negotiating with management about wages, hours, and working conditions. Strike was main way to get what they wanted. Improved weekly wage from $17.50-$24. They also got the weekly work hours from 54.5 to 49 hours.

Answer 31

American Federation of Labor

Question 32

Jewish immigrant that lead Cigar Makers’ International Union to join other craft unions in 1886. Was the AFL’s president.

Answer 32

Samuel Gompers

Question 33

Attempted to form an industrial Union (American Railway Union). Made up of skilled and unskilled workers, but also firemen and engineers.

Answer 33

Eugene vs. Debs

Question 34

An economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth.

Answer 34

Socialism

Question 35

(Wobblies) Headed by William Haywood. Miners, lumberers, cannery, and dock worked. Allowed African Americans. 100,000 members max. Only major strike victory in 1912.

Answer 35

Industrial Workers of the World

Question 36

Lead the IWW

Answer 36

William (Big Bill) Haywood

Question 37

July 1877- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers went on strike because of the upcoming second wage cut. Workers for around 50,000 miles went on strike and transportation was stopped for more than a week. Federal troops ended strike after state governors kept asking President Rutherford B Hayes to stop it.

Answer 37

Great Strike of 1877

Question 38

May 4, 1886- 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. Rain started and everyone stated separating and leaving. Right as everyone started to disperse, one protester threw a bomb into the police line and the police started shooting. Seven officers and several workers died.

Answer 38

Haymarket Affair if 1886

Question 39

Steel workers started a strike against the work conditions at the mill. Pinkertons and weapons got involved and nine workers and three detectives died.

Answer 39

The Homestead Strike

Question 40

Pullman more laid off 3,000/5,800 of their workers. Then cut off the workers who weren’t laid off. Workers started striking, when nothing was happening, they started boycotting Pullman trains. Pullman hired strike breakers and things became violent. President Grover sent in federal troops, and after everything was over most strikers were fired and blacklisted.

Answer 40

Pullman Company Strike of 1893

Question 41

American industrialist and financier that worked for Carnegie. Was who the workers in the Homestead were striking against. (Wouldn’t improve working conditions or cooperate with the workers/their union).

Answer 41

Henry Clay Frick

Question 42

Private detective agency and guard. Flight against the homestead strikers.

Answer 42

Pinkertons

Question 43

Supported Great Strike of 1877 and organized for Union Workers of America. Led child worked (lots had terrible injuries) to President Theodore Roosevelt’s house to protest against child labor. The strike/protest/crusade helped the passage of child labor laws.

Answer 43

Mary Harris Jones

Question 44

Children working too many hours in bad working conditions.

Answer 44

Child Labor

Question 45

A fire started in a garment factory. 146 women died after a fire started and no one could escape because the company only had one door unlocked to prevent theft. Raised public’s awareness of bad working conditions, this angered many people.

Answer 45

Triangle Shirtwarst Factory Fire of 1911