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Pharm Fall 2024 > Chapter 6: Nervous System & Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Nervous System & Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

Test 2

1
Q

What are the different nervous systems?

A

Peripheral
Central
Somatic
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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2
Q

What does Afferent mean?

A

Towards the CNS
Up
Sensory/Pain

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3
Q

What does Efferent mean?

A

Away from the CNS
Down
Motor

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4
Q

What does CNS consist of?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Cranial nerve 2

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5
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

neurons that extend outward from the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What are somatic sensory receptors?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, temperature sensors

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7
Q

What are visceral sensory receptors?

A

monitors internal organs: cvs, respiratory, digestive, etc

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8
Q

What are special sensory receptors?

A

provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing

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9
Q

What is the CNS responsible for?

A

Higher order of processing/functioning

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10
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system

A

Consciously controls skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Describe the autonomic nervous system

A

Includes Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric nervous systems

Unconsciously controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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12
Q

Describe the Enteric Nervous System

A

“Gut feeling”

Mulitple layers of neurons controlling GI functions

Mainly under parasympathetic control

Has some sympathetic functioning

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13
Q

Describe the Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Mediates “rest and digest” responses

shunts blood to: endocrine, GI, urogenital

decrease HR and increasing digestion

Brings you back down to normal (conserves energy)

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14
Q

Describe the Sympathetic nervous system

A

Mediates “fight-or-flight” responses

Increasing HR/BP/RR(dilates bronchioles)

Shunts blood from GI tract to Skeletal/Smooth muscle

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15
Q

Which nervous system has sensory input?

A

Somatic nervous system

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16
Q

What is another name for the cell body of a motor neuron?

A

Nuclei

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17
Q

Where is the nuclei of the somatic neuron located?

A

Ventral horn of grey matter in the spinal cord

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18
Q

Reflex arc only goes to the ______ and activates________

A

spinal cord

Efferent divisons

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19
Q

What are the collection of cell bodies of neurons called in the autonomic nervous system?

A

ganglia

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20
Q

Where are ganglia located?

A

outside of the spinal cord

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21
Q

What is an individual neuron cell body in the Autonomic NS called?

A

Ganglionic neuron

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22
Q

Define a nervous system

A

Several layers of neurons interacting

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23
Q

NS =

A

Nervous system

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24
Q

What NS is primative in nature?

A

Enteric NS

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25
Q

Up to _____ of blood can be shunted during a sympathetic response

A

75%

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26
Q

T/F: Sympathetic NS is continuously stimulated when scared

A

T

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27
Q

What is an ergotropic response?

A

Movement related to the “fight or flight” response

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28
Q

What happens during the fight or flight response

A

A combo of:

Epinephrine being released from adrenal glands

Norepinephrine being released from CNS

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29
Q

How many times is the Parasympathetic Response activated?

A

1x

then it brings us back to normal

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30
Q

What is trophotropic response?

A

Rest that is leading to growth

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31
Q

What 2 nervous systems balance each other?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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32
Q

Discuss the differences in “fight-or-flight” and “rest-and-digest” mode.

A

“fight-or-flight”:
Sympathetic NS
Shunts blood to heart and skeletal muscles
Increases HR/BP/RR
Ergotropic response
RUN AWAY

“rest-and-digest”
Parasympathetic NS
Shunts blood to endocrine, GI, urogenita
Increase GI, decrease HR
Trophotropic response
Leads to growth

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33
Q

What is cranial nerve X

A

10

Vagus nerve (heart)

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34
Q

Where is the Sympathetic NS located?

A

Thoracolumbar
T1 - L2

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35
Q

Describe the Pre/Post ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic NS

A

Pre: Short; terminate in the ganglia paravertebral chains; close to spinal cord

Post: Long; terminates on affected tissue/organ

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36
Q

Describe the Pre/Post ganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic NS

A

Pre: Long; leaves CNS through cranial nerves and sacral spinal roots

Post: Short; terminate on organ

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37
Q

Where is the parasympathetic NS located?

A

Craniosacral

Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X
S3 - S4

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38
Q

What is a chain ganglia?

A

“paravertebral ganglia”

series of interconnected ganglia on either side of the spinal cord

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39
Q

What does a chain ganglia do?

A

allows signals to travel to reach targets at different levels (organs/tissues), which is essential during stress or emergency situations—such as rapidly increasing heart rate and dilating the pupils.

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40
Q

What NS is a chain ganglia in?

A

Sympathetic

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41
Q

Where does the ganglia in the parasympathetic NS?

A

In the visceral effector organs

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42
Q

What type of neuron does the Autonomic NS use?

A

A 2-neuron chain

1st neuron (preganglionic) is lightly myelinated

2nd neuron (post) extends to effector organ

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43
Q

What does the preganglionic fibers release in the autonomic NS?

A

Ach

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44
Q

What does the postganglionic fibers release in the autonomic NS?

A

Ach or Norepinephrine

depending on whether we are inhibiting or stimulating effect

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45
Q

Define Sympathomimetic

A

Drug that memics the affects of Norepinephrine in the Sympathetic NS

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46
Q

How do direct acting Sympathomimetic work?

Ex)

A

Directly bind to the receptor

Ex) epi, isoproterenol, albuterol

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47
Q

How do indirect Sympathomimetic work?

Ex)

A

Dont bind to receptor

Influx of norepinephine for a longer period of time in the synapse

Ex) Ephedrine, amphetamines

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48
Q

What does chronotropic affect?

A

Heart rate

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49
Q

What does Sympathomimetic do?

A

Vasoconstriction
Increace Inotropic/chronotropic effects
decrease bronciole tone
decrease uterine muscle tone

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50
Q

What is a Sympatholytics?

A

Inhibits the sympathetic NS effects

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51
Q

PNS =

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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52
Q

SNS =

A

sympathetic nervous system

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53
Q

CNS =

A

Central nervous system

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54
Q

What are the Cholinergic receptor?

A

Muscarinic
Nicotinic

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55
Q

What are the Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha
Beta
Dopamine

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56
Q

How many cholinoreceptors subtypes do we have?

A

5 muscarinic

2 nicotinic

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57
Q

Which muscarinic subtypes are inhibitory?

A

2, 4

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58
Q

Which muscarinic subtypes are excitatory?

A

1,3,5

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59
Q

Where are the nicotinic subtypes located?

A

peripheries

N(n): neuronal at the ganglion

N(m): muscle at skeletal muscle end plates

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60
Q

How many Adrenoreceptor subtypes are there?

A

2 Alpha
3 Beta

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61
Q

How many Dopamine subtypes are there? Where are they mostly located?

A

5

Brain, smooth muscle of the renal vascular bed, cvs

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62
Q

What type of receptor are the adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCRs

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63
Q

What does the A-1 receptor do?

A

Activates G(q) —–> activates phospholipase C ——-> activates IP3

64
Q

What does the A-2 receptor do?

A

Activates G(i) ———> inhibits adenylate cyclase ——–> decrease cAMP

65
Q

What does B-1 and B-2 receptors do?

A

Activate G(s) ——-> stimulates adenylate cyclase ———> increases cAMP

66
Q

Describe the Alpha-1 Receptor pathway when Norepinephrine binds to the receptor

A
  1. G(q) is activated and attaches to Phospholipase C
  2. Phospholipase C releases DAG and IP3
  3. IP3 attaches to to the IP3 V-G Ca++ channel on the SR
  4. The SR opens and allows Ca++ to flood into the cell.
    ** Also during depolarization of the cell, Ca++ will be able to come into the cell via diffusion through its respective ion channel**
  5. MCLK (myosin chain light kinase) phosphoriates the Ca++ causing the muscle to contract
    DAG also activates Protein kinase C which inhibits MCLP which causes the muscle to contract
  6. MCLP (myosin chain light phosphatase) strips the phosphate to allow the muscle to relax
67
Q

Where does the Beta-1 receptor work in the heart?

A

Cardiac Myocyte

68
Q

Describe the pathway when Norepinephrine binds in the cardiac myocytes

A
  1. NE is released from the SNS or exogenous NE binds to B-1 & B-2 receptor
  2. Activates G(s) which attaches to adenylyl cyclase
  3. adenylyl cyclase cycles ATP to cAMP which causes a phosphorylation cascade
  4. active protein kinase depolarizes the cell wall to allow Ca++ into the cell through its ion channel down via diffusion
    ** Protein kinase also allows Ca++ out of the SR into the cell
  5. A contraction occurs
69
Q

What does the A-2 receptor do?

A

inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine

acts as a negative feedback loop on the heart preventing the heart from continously beating fast and hard

70
Q

Where are Alpha 1 receptors located?

A

Peripheries

71
Q

B-1 and B-2 in the heart are _______

A

Stimulatory

72
Q

B-2 in the peripheries is _______

A

inhibitory

73
Q

Where are your L-type Ca++ channels?

A

Smooth muscle

74
Q

_____ in the cardiac myocytes and in the peripheries have an _____ effect

A

B-2 receptors

opposite

75
Q

What happens when NE binds to B-2-R in the periphery?

A
  1. Activates G(s) which binds to adenylyl cyclase
  2. cycles ATP into cAMP
  3. cAMP inhibits MLCK whihch causes relaxation
76
Q

What are your primary sympathetic receptors?

A

Alpha and Beta receptors

77
Q

What are your parasympathetic receptors? What do they bind to?

A

Cholinergic

Ach

78
Q

What type of receptor is your nicotinic-R?

A

Ion channel

79
Q

How many types of nicotinic-R do we have? What are they?

A

3

Ganglionic
Skeletal
Neuronal

80
Q

What does the the Muscarinuc 1, 3, and 5 receptors do?

A

Stimulatory

G(q)

Phopholipase C activation

81
Q

What does the the Muscarinuc 2 and 4 receptors do?

A

inhibitory

G(i)

inhibit adendyly cyclase

82
Q

Describe NANC Neurons

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurons

In the Enteric NS
Both sensory and motor

Different neurotransmitters released
Ex) Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P

83
Q

What does NE and Ach do in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

NE: constriction of blood vessels
Ach: Dilation of blood vessels

84
Q

What is Cardiovascular integration’s primary variable?

A

Mean arterial pressure

85
Q

What is Cardiovascular integration for?

A

Responses to MAP to induce homeostasis

86
Q

In the Cardiovascular integration, describe the hormonal feedback loop

A

Uses renal blood flood in the kidneys to adjust BP

Renin - Angiotensin - Aldosterone - increase blood volum/etc

87
Q

In the Cardiovascular integration, describe the autonomic feedback loop

A

Uses baroreceptors and the vasomotor center to adjust BP via the SNS or the PNS

88
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Respond to pressure on arteries

89
Q

What does the vasomotor center do?

A

shuts down or increases the stimulus to the heart

90
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

Constrict blood vessels in the kidneys

91
Q

Define heteroreceptor

A

receptor on that neuron that is not responding to something that is being released.

Ex. If neuron is releaseing Ach. And I have a A-1 receptor. That receptor is a heteroreceptor.

92
Q

Define autoreceptor

A

receptor on that neuron that is responding to something that is being released

93
Q

inhibitory =

A

negative feedback

94
Q

excitatory =

A

positive feedback

95
Q

which node sets the pace of the heart?

96
Q

How does the SNS effect the body?

A

SA node (B1/B2): Increase
Contractility (B1/B2): Increase
Skeletal (B1): Relax
Smooth (A1): Constrict
Bronchiole (B2): Dilate

97
Q

How does the PNS effect the body?

A

SA node (M2): Decrease
Contractility (M2): Decrease
Smooth (M3): Relax
Bronchiole: Contract

98
Q

In skeletal muscles, Alpha-adrenergic drugs causes the blood vessels to

A

vasoconstrict

99
Q

In skeletal muscles, Beta-adrenergic drugs causes the blood vessels to

A

vasodilate

100
Q

In skeletal muscles, cholinergic drugs causes the blood vessels to

A

vasodilate

101
Q

In skeletal muscles, parasympathetic nerves causes the blood vessels to

A

vasodilate

102
Q

skeletal muscles at rest take up _____ of circulaint blood

103
Q

What do NS do Alpha and Beta blockers block?

A

Sympathetic

104
Q

What is Cholinomimetics?

A

Mimics Ach

105
Q

PNS is primarily the ______ nerve

106
Q

The PNS Preganglionic fiber will always release what ligand?

107
Q

The SNS Postganglionic fiber can release what ligands?

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Ach

108
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Connection between a neuron and a cell

Small gap in between where neurotransmitters are released and ligands can bond to receptors

109
Q

What part of the neuron generates the AP?

A

Axon Hillock

110
Q

What is the decision making park of the neuron?

111
Q

What part of the neuron releases the neurotransmitter?

A

Synaptic boutons

112
Q

Where are the syntapic boutons?

A

The synpatic terminal

113
Q

Describe a telodendrion

A

The stem of the synaptic bouton

Needs ATP therefore Mitochondria is in synaptic bouton

114
Q

What are the 3 types of synapse?

A

Chemical
Electical
En Passant

115
Q

Describe Neurotransmitters

A

Released by presynpase
Used by receptors on post synapse

Will stay in the synapse if not degraded or reuptaked

116
Q

hyperpolarization =

A

inhibition

117
Q

depolarization =

A

excitation

118
Q

What can happen after a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor?

A

The ION CHANNEL can open and the cell can become depolarized or hyperpolarized

or

the GPCR GP can dissociate and second messenger activity occurs

119
Q

Whatis the fate of a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. diffuses away from synapse
  2. degraded by enzymes
  3. uptake into pre synapse
  4. uptake into surrounding tissues
120
Q

What is an Ester?

A

R- C (== O) - R

121
Q

What are the neurotransmitter classes?

A

Esters
Monoamines
Aminoacids
Purines
Peptides
Inorganic gases

122
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered Esters?

123
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered Monoamines?

A

NE
Serotonin
Dopamine

124
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered amino acids?

A

Glutamate
GABA

125
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered Purines?

A

Adenosine
ATP

126
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered Peptides?

A

Substance P (pain signaling)
Endorphins, enkephalins (pain control)

127
Q

In the neurotransmitter classes, what are considered inroganic gases?

A

NO - nitric oxide

128
Q

T/F: mAch-R are faster than nAch-R

129
Q

Where is Ach located?

A

All skeletal muscle fibers
All preganglionic fibers
All PNS postganglionic fibers

130
Q

Describe Monoamines

A

Amino acid derivatives

Found in the brain

Adrenergic/noradrengeric fibers

131
Q

Dopamine =

A

pleasurable

132
Q

Low levels of serotonin indicate

A

depression

133
Q

What is the serotonin receptor called?

134
Q

Describe Glutamate:

A

Amino Acid

Most important EXCITATORY neurotransmittor in the brain

important for learning/memory

Receptors: AMPA (ion); NMDA (ion); Metabotropic (GPCR +ion)

135
Q

Describe Glycine:

A

Amino Acid

Post synapse inhibition

136
Q

What does Poison Strychnine do?

A

Blocks glycine receptor (inhibitory receptor in the brain) which results in fatal seizures

137
Q

Describe GABA:

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid

MOST IMPORTANT inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

most anesthetics work by increasing GABA

138
Q

Neutrotransmitters can be classified as what?

A

Inhibitory or Excitatory

139
Q

Where do you get choline from?

140
Q

Where do you get Acetate from?

A

Mitochondria

141
Q

Where is Ach made?

A

cytoplasm of neuron

142
Q

What enzyme creates Ach from Acetate (acetyl-CoA) and Choline?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

143
Q

What enzyme breaks down Ach?

A

acetylcholinesterase

144
Q

How many Ach are in each vesicle?

A

1000 - 50,000

145
Q

What is a CHT transporter?

A

Choline/Na+ Co-transporter
into neuron via facilitated diffusion

146
Q

What is a VAT transporter?

A

transports Ach into the vesicle and H+ out

147
Q

What is the full process for getting Ach into a vesicle?

A

CHT - ChAT - VAT

148
Q

What are SNARE Complex?

A

Anchoring/Docking mechanism for the vesicles and membranes

149
Q

Which SNARE complex are associated with the vesicle?

A

Syntaxin
SNAP-25

150
Q

Which SNARE complex are associated with the membrane?

A

VAMP
vesicular associated membrane protein

151
Q

Which SNARE complex are associated the actual facilitation of rapid exocytosis?

A

Synaptotagmin (Ca++ sensor)

152
Q

What is Docking?

A

Ex) Putting Ach/Epi/etc… into a vesicle

153
Q

What is MG and how is it treated?

A

Antibodies against nAch-R

-Neostigmines: blocks acetylcholinesterase which allows more Ach in the NMJ longer

154
Q

What is the precursor to Dopa, Dopamine, NE, Epi?

155
Q

How does Adrenergic transmission work?

A

Very similar to cholinergic transmission

The VAT = VMAT MOA is in the neuron

NE has a NETransporter

156
Q

List targets for drug action in the synapse and examples

A
  1. Metyrosine - inhibits conversion of tyrosine
  2. Reserpine - inhibits vesicle storage (VMAT)
  3. Bretylium - guanthidine - inhibit release
  4. Cocaine, tricycle antidepressants - inhibit NET
  5. MAOI - inhibit NE degradation
  6. Botox - cleaves SNAP
157
Q

What does inotropic affect?

A

Contractility

Pharm Fall 2024 (30 decks)

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